考试用书2012年职称英语讲义A-B-C(6)

4 The new science that began in the late 1970s depends on techniques that look at what babies and young children do instead of just what they say. Babies look longer at novel（新奇的） or unexpected events than at more predictable ones, and experimenters can use this behavior to figure out what babies expect to happen. The strongest results, however, come from studies that observe actions as well: Which objects do babies reach for or crawl to? How do babies and young children imitate the actions of people around them?

5. In the past thirty years, through studies on ______, scientists have found that small children knew more than we would have thought.

F babies and children’s behavior instead of only their language

3 Why were we so wrong about babies for so long? If you look cursorily（大致地） at children who are four years old and younger, you might indeed conclude that not much is going on. Babies, after all, cannot talk. And even preschoolers are not good at reporting what they think. Ask your average three-year-old an open-ended question, and you are likely to get a beautiful but incomprehensible stream-of-consciousness monologue.

6. We had misunderstood children’s cognitive ability for so long time because of ______.

D children’s limited expressing ability

4 The new science that began in the late 1970s depends on techniques that look at what babies and young children do instead of just what they say. Babies look longer at novel or unexpected events than at more predictable ones, and experimenters can use this behavior to figure out what babies expect to happen. The strongest results, however, come from studies that observe actions as well: Which objects do babies reach for or crawl to? How do babies and young children imitate the actions of people around them?

7. ______ can help researchers to find out what babies expect to happen.

A babies behavior of paying more attention to new and unpredictable events

5 In the mid-1980s and through the 1990s, scientists using these techniques discovered that babies already know a great deal about the world around them. That knowledge goes well beyond concrete, here-and-now sensations（感觉）. By the time they are three or four, children have elementary ideas about biology and a first understanding of growth,

inheritance and illness. This early biological understanding reveals that children go beyond superficial perceptual appearances when they reason about objects. By age four, their understanding of everyday psychology is even more refined（改善的）.

8. When the children are more than two-year old, they have already got elementary ideas about biology, which indicates ______.

C children’s thinking capability rather than their intuition

+第14篇 Lie-Detector Camera Looks into Your Eyes测谎的摄像机看入你的眼睛

1 A new heat-detecting camera can catch a liar in the act — at least 75% of the time, according to a small scientific study out today. If additional tests confirm its ability, the lie-detector camera might one day be used by airport security to apprehend（逮捕） terrorists before they get on an airplane, says researcher James Levine of the Mayo Clinic.

2 But one critic questions whether the camera would ever be reliable enough to be used on a large scale, or whether it could spot someone who plans to commit a crime. Levine’s group reported their early findings in today’s Nature. 3 Levine and his colleagues enlisted 20 U.S. Army recruits to help test the camera, which records the heat patterns that are created when blood rushes to the human face. The researchers told eight of the recruits in the study to commit a mock crime（模拟犯罪）. They were told to stab a mannequin（假人）, rob it of $20, then lie about the “crime”. The remaining 12 people in the study knew nothing about the fake crime. The researchers took all 20 people into an

interrogation room（审讯室）. They asked them whether they had stolen $20 and then recorded their answers with a standard polygraph test（测谎试验） and the new camera.

4 The camera caught six out of eight liars as they were lying — the same lie-detecting ability as the polygraph test. The camera also correctly identified 11 of the 12 people who were telling the truth — a slightly better rate than the polygraph.

5 The study is so small that it can’t be used as proof of the camera’s ability to catch a thief or a liar, Levine says. Still, he is hopeful that the camera is recording a subtle flushing（脸红） of the face that may automatically occur when someone lies. That flushing may not be caught by the naked eye（肉眼）, but the camera shows a bright

red-orange-yellow zone that represents blood rushing to the eyes.

“When someone lies, you get an instantaneous（瞬间的）warming around the eyes,” he says. Levine speculates that people who lie are afraid of getting caught. That fear triggers（引发）a primitive（原始的）response to run away. Blood goes to the eyes so that the liar can more efficiently map out（计划）an escape route, he says. Levine says it may take years before the camera would be ready for a test at a large U.S. airport.

6 Alan Zelicoff, a senior scientist at the Center for National Security and Arms Control (国家安全与军备控制中心) at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, says that even if the camera works as well as it did in this study, it would mistakenly label lots of people as liars. At a busy U.S. airport, those mistakes could mean a thousand passengers a day who would get pulled aside by security — a move that would probably mean lots of missed flights and irate passengers, he says.

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