三年级英汉笔译（一）学生用书(4)

? The three main newspaper never feature nude pin-ups.这三家主要报纸从

不刊登裸体美女的照片。

3) 增词 (amplification/adding)：为了语法、意义、修辞上的需要，在翻译时

要增加一些词，使表达更准确、通顺。 ? 语法的需要：a plane: 一架飞机（增加了量词）

? 意义的需要：The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. 人脑只有三磅重，但就在这三磅物质中，却包含着一百亿个神经细胞，以及一千亿个更小的细胞。（增加了实义名词）

? 修辞的需要：The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice. 天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零星星的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片。（增加了叠词）

4) 减词 (omission)：从语法角度和修饰角度考虑，在译文中减省不需要的词

语。

In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter with such force most of it fell on the floor at my feet.不一会儿功夫，她又回来了，将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一摔，大半都撒落在我脚边。（减省了―地板‖一词）

He is not well today, but he still came to class and handed in his homework.他今天不舒服，可还是来上了课，交了作业。（减省了―他‖、―他的‖等代词的修饰。）

5) 转换 (shifting)：在翻译中，根据需要改变或转化表达方式。

? 词类转换：The happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion, and 12

the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦，两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱，洒下了欣喜的泪花。（《傲慢与偏见》，名词转换成动词）

? 句子成分转换：Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next.他

于9月3日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下安特卫普。（主语转换为宾语，介词宾语转换为主语。）

? 表达方式转换：Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. 八十七年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。（计量词转换，变为译语中清楚明了的表达方式。） ? 语序转换：Slowly climbs the autumn moon.秋天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。

（倒装句转换为自然语序）

? 语态转换：It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。（将被动语态转换为主动语态，将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语，如：人们、大家等做主语。）

6) 切分 (division/splitting/cutting)：将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分，尤其是

长句进行拆译，分解成两个或两个以上的单位，灵活处理。

? 单词分译：The American commander, Admiral Nimitz, was understandably reluctant to join the battle. 美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战，这是可以理解的。（将副词分译成一个小句。）

? 短语分译：Playing its principle role, Israel in a few days destroyed more

towns and villages and committed more savage acts all over the territories it invaded than the Vandals of old committed in many a month. 以色列表演了它的拿手好戏， 几天之内在其入侵的全部土地上，摧毁的城镇和村庄就比古代汪达尔人在好几个月之内摧毁的还要多，犯下的罪行还要野蛮。（将分词译成一个小句）

? 从句分译：This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of

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greatness which can build a new and a better world.我们两国人民攀登高峰的时刻已经到来。在这个伟大高峰的境界之上，我们才能建立一个美好而崭新的世界。（将定语从句分译成一个句子，同时运用增词法，加上―我们‖做主语，将原文的意思梳理清楚。）

7) 合并 (combination)：有一些英语句子较短，在翻译时应注意采用合并的方

法，使意思紧凑连贯。

? I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this

struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 我把椅子挪过来坐下，起初两腿分开， 但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，不太拘礼节，便把两腿并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。（四句合一）

? One may have to learn to live with pain, but there‘s one thing you never have

to live without. Hope. 一个人可能必须学会忍受痛苦活下去，但有一样东西是你活着绝不能缺少的，那就是希望。（并列复合句与简单句合并）

8) 具体化 (specification)：在翻译时考虑把一些抽象的概念具体化。 ? No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe‘s. Her novels are amusing

enough; they are worth reading; some fun and nature in them.我要是看小说，那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思，值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。

? I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former

slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，情同手足。

? Owing to his unorthodox upbringing, and the fact that he had no parents to

teach him the facts of life, Quasimodo became convinced that he was not a bird at all and refused to fly. 加西莫多从小疏于教养，又没有父母教授生活常识，所以自以为根本就不是鸟，因而拒不飞行，到哪里都走着去。

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9) 抽象化 (abstraction)：英语中有一些具体意义或形象不便于在翻译中移植， 那就要进行抽象化处理。

? He is a rolling stone. I don‘t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想

他不会有多大出息。

? If you dare to play the fox with me, I‘ll shoot you at once. 你要是敢对我耍

滑头，我立马毙了你。

? I was practically on my knees but he sill refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他

依然拒绝。

10) 正说反译、反说正译 (negation)：英语中有一些不带否定词no, not, never,等的否定表达，如： too…to…, fail to…, -free, instead, rather than 等等以及不含有否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-等和否定后缀-less等的句子称为―正说‖，在汉语中可以用―反译‖。而汉语中不带―不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、别‖等的句子也是―正说‖，在翻译时可以采用灵活的正说反译、反说正译的技巧。

? He yelled ―Freeze!‖他大喊一声：―不许动！‖（正说反译）

? Mary drew a long, soft breath, as though the paper daffodils between them

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