欧美学界对西南少数民族的研究状况（打印版）(12)

关键词：Hmong students; school racial composition; limited English proficiency

对象：美国学校的种族构成与英语学习能力有限（LEP）的苗族学生，以明尼苏达州圣保罗学校为例。

方法：结合种族构成和英语学习能力有限的苗族学生的文献资料，进行对比和数据分析，得出结论。

视角：教育学、文化研究。

材料：学校种族构成和苗族学生英语成绩的研究文献和调查数据。

论点：在美国，和许多东亚的学生相比，苗族学生的成绩较差。除了已经确定的传统文化习俗和贫穷的因素外，一个比较关键的因素可能是学校内的种族隔离。而在越多样化的学校，英语能力有限的苗族学生成绩越好。

意义：为影响苗族学生英语成绩的原因提供新的理论解释。

Speaking with Spirits

The Hmong Ntoo Xeeb New Year Ceremony

与神灵交谈：苗族新年仪式

Hao Huang

摘要：The Hmong Ntoo Xeeb ceremony described in this text was conducted by the elders of Ban Mae Sa Mai (Mae Sa Mai village), located in Tambol Pong Yareng, Mae Kim District, Thailand, approximately thirty kilometers north of Chiang Mai. The Ntoo Xeeb ceremony is a principal New Year's ritual in which all responsible male heads of housebolds in the village are expected to participate. This is a way of showing respect to all four benevolent spirits of the locality, with the Ntoo Xeeb spirit as the titular head, and to thank them for safeguarding the villagers over the past year. It constitutes one of the most sacred communal rituals undertaken by the villagers of Mae Sa Mai. This detailed description on the Ntoo Xeeb ceremony focuses on a particular ritual practice of the Hmong, and aims to encourage future scholarly inquiry about specifics of Hmong animist beliefs as manifested in ceremonial rituals. The article addresses lacunae in scholarly accounts of Hmong ceremonial ritual practices, which have led to confusion about particular aspects of Hmong shamanism.

关键词：Hmong—shamanism—New Year ritual ceremony—Miao—Meo 对象：泰国清迈市Mae Sa Mai村的苗族Ntoo Xeeb新年仪式。

方法：详细描述Ntoo Xeeb仪式的全过程，介绍苗族传统节日礼仪风俗，阐析苗族对于万物有灵的萨满教理念。

视角：人类学田野调查、民俗学。

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材料：实地观察苗族Ntoo Xeeb仪式的全过程记录。

论点：苗族相信万物有灵，他们认为祭祀Ntoo Xeeb为首的当地四个仁慈神灵的新年仪式是十分神圣的。这反映出苗族作为一个少数民族其民俗文化与中国汉族文化的联系与差异，表现在他们都用语言来确保与另一个世界（复杂的神灵世界）的有效沟通。

意义：鼓励未来在苗族相信万物有灵的仪式上的具体表现的学术调查，弥补对苗族萨满教的特定方面的学术空白。

The three eras of Hmong educational history in Laos: French colonial,

Laotian independence, and Usaid, 1917-1975. 老挝的苗族教育史上的三大时期：法国殖民，老挝独立，美国国际开发署（1917-1975）

Vue, Douglas Chuedoua

摘要：Attempting to write the early history of Hmong education, from 1917-1975, was crucial to research because a centralized document and scholarly written record of this type does not exist. This dissertation synthesized, documented, and reinterpreted the history of Hmong education from three major educational eras: The French colonial era (1917-1954), the Laotian independence era (1954-1959), and the USAID era and the Secret War period (1960-1975). The purpose of this dissertation was to gather relics from primary sources and to interview three former Hmong experts involved with the history of Hmong education in Laos. The primary instrument for collecting data was an informal interview, consisting of five categories in a questionnaire with 10 items in each category. The GATHER model, a qualitative research and historiography methodology developed by Anderson-Inman and Kessinger (2000), was employed to guide the data collection, analyses, and conclusions. The data were analyzed in a summative narrative format. The findings showed that within 58 years, these major historical eras transformed the Hmong agrarian society into a modern, 20[sup]th[/sup]-century society. Their success was impacted by European influences, Hmong leaders, and Hmong educators. The French came to colonize Laos and introduced modern education, created the Hmong Roman Popular Alphabet written language, and converted the Hmong to Christianity (D. Vue, 2004). The Laotian government granted the right to Hmong citizens and become a tax-free nation during the Laotian independence era (Lyfoung, 1996). The Americans brought modern technology, transportation, and civilization, which gave thousands of Hmong students the opportunity to attend school and study abroad. The Hmong became modern society in less than 15 years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

关键词：Hmong educational history; Laotian independence; interviews 对象：老挝的苗族教育史

方法：发放调查问卷，以统计学的方法分析在五十八年里，这三大主要历史时期苗族从农业社会到现代社会的转变。

视角：历史研究

材料：1917-1975年间法国殖民，老挝独立，美国国际开发署三时期的资料。 论点：这三大主要历史时期对苗族实现从农业社会到现代社会的转变意义重大。

意义：关于苗族教育早期历史的研究记录虽然关键却鲜有人从事，本文尝试填补这一空白。

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Tourism in Ethnic Communities: Two Miao Villages in China

民族居住地区的旅游业：中国的两个苗族村庄

Henderson, Joan/Teck, Goh Koon/Denyse Ng/Tan Si-Rong

摘要：The paper is concerned with the ways in which ethnic culture is presented and experienced by tourists with particular reference to two villages in China inhabited by members of the Miao minority group and popular with visitors. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative data derived from primary and secondary sources and findings reveal contrasts and similarities within and between destination residents and visitors regarding attitudes to tourism and its cultural impacts, especially in terms of authenticity. While the cases display unique features, their analysis affords more general insights into the cha …… 此处隐藏：5942字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……