医学检验专业英语四

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检验医学专用术语质量保证 室间质量评价 室内质量控制 批间 批内 尿液分析仪 quality assurance external quality assessment internal quality control between-batch within-batch urine analyzer*

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检验医学专用术语尿沉渣分析仪 试带 理学检验 化学检验 显微镜检查 urine sediment analyzer* reagent/test strip gross examination* chemical examination* microscopic examination*

计算机辅助精子分析 computer aided semen analysis

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New Words and Expression urinalysis renal failure hyperaldosteronism glomerular permeability diminution tubule cast waxy pus tuberculosis 尿分析 肾的 衰竭 醛固酮过多症 肾小球的 渗透性 减少 小管， 小管，细管 管型 蜡状的， 蜡状的，蜡的 脓 结核病 88

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New Words and Expression genitourinary cleanse vulva labium vaginal hematuria glomerulonephritis trauma calculus stricture 生殖泌尿的 使清洁 外阴， 外阴，女阴 阴唇 阴道的 血尿 肾小球性肾炎 创伤， 创伤，外伤 结石， 结石，石 狭窄

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New Words and Expression tumor hemolysis paroxysmal nocturnal sickle crisis idiosyncrasy pyelonephritis cystitis 瘤；肿块 溶血 阵发的 夜间的 镰刀 危象 特异反应性 肾盂肾炎 膀胱炎

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionRecord intake and output of fluids. The normal day output (8:00 a. m. to 8:00 p. m ) is 2~3 times the normal night output.This ratio is changed in renal disease, in some cases of heart failure, and in hyperaldosteronism .

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionProteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine indicates increased glomerular permeability and some degree of diminution of tubular reabsorption of protein. It appears in many types of renal disease. Slight proteinuria is seen in congestive heart failure, infectious diseases, and after a heavy meal,and in , some cases is associated with prolonged standing (orthostatic(直立的 proteinuria) or with vigorous 直立的) 直立的 exercise.

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionCasts: Casts result from precipitation of protein in the tubules. Waxy and fatty casts are suggestive of nephrosis. Pus cells: These are seen in large numbers in any genitourinary infections. (Women should cleanse the vulva, spread the labia, and collect a “clean” specimen free of vaginal leukocyte.)

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionHematuria: Gross or microscopic hematuria may result from glomerulonephritis, infection, trauma (including calculi), strictures, drug poisoning, or tumors of the kidneys, bladder, or urethra .

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionHemoglobinuria: Hemoglobinuria found in urine following hemolysis associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, sickle cell crises, idiosyncrasy to cold, acute severe hemolytic reaction, or transfusion reaction .

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Lesson Four Urinalysis in Testing Renal FunctionBacteria: Bacteria in the urine may be sp

ecific for infection, as in renal tuberculosis, pyelonephritis , cystitis.

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Collection of Urine for Screening PurposeCollection and preservation of urine for analytical testing must follow a carefully prescribed procedure to insure valid results. Laboratory testing of urine generally falls under three categories, i. e. chemical, bacteriologic, and microscopic examination. There are three kinds of collection for urine specimens: (1) random; (2) timed , and (3) 24hour total volume.

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Collection of Urine for Screening PurposeRandom specimens are collected at any time. Test results for a random collection are expressed per unit volume if the result is a quantitative analysis. Much reporting of testing on a random collection is expressed as “positive” or “negative”, indicating the presence or absence of a particular constituent, such as glucose. A randomly collected urine specimen is often more convenient for the patient and will be suitable for most screening purpose.

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Collection of Urine for Screening PurposeProbably the best specimen for routine examination is the first morning voiding, fresh, concentrated, with an acid PH. If the urine is dilute, small but pathologic increases in content of protein, sugar, red blood cells, white cells, and casts may be missed. Alkalinity and hypoosmolality hasten dissolution of casts and red cells. If specimens cannot be examined immediately, those with specific gravity less than 1.010 should probably be recollected if possible, especially if they are alkaline.

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Collection of Urine for Screening PurposeFirst morning specimens also tend to be more uniform, are more likely to reveal impairment of kidney concentrating ability, and to contain pus and mucus in the presence of infection. They are, however, less likely to contain sugar and protein. Most specimens obtained in the practitioner’s office are collected from ambulatory patients who have eaten 2 to 3 hours previously. These specimens are more likely to contain protein or reducing substances.

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Collection of Urine for Screening PurposeFor chemical and microscopic examination, a voided specimen is usually suitable. If the specimen is likely to be contaminated by vaginal discharge or hemorrhage, a cleanvoided specimen is collected. It may be necessary to pack the vagina or use a tampon in some cases, especially when examination of the urinary sediment is critical.