清华大学考研辅导强化班英语翻译讲义(8)

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其以科技英语最为常见。考试中的阅读内容中有相当量的科技题材，所以翻译题目也往往少不了被动语态的处理。请看下面这道考试中的翻译题。 We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.

此题中出现了两处被动语态，前者were most impressed by（被?留下深刻印象）必须进行语态的转换，否则不便于汉语表述；后者were not told也应译成主动形式，而不要译成“没有被告知”；同位语从句前的the fact根据习惯可省略；its指代的是前面的illness，翻译时应明确译出所指代的名词，以免使表达含糊不清。

参考译文：我们感到印象最为深刻的是，那些患者即使没人告知其病情的严重性，他们对自己病情的潜在后果也一清二楚。

或：那些患者即使没人告知其病情的严重性，他们也知道自己的病情可能产生的后果。我们对此印象颇深。

II. 翻译被动语态的常用方法技巧

被动语态 增词法汉语中的被动结构不那么常用，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时，我们应尽量将被动语态化为主动结构。请看下面这一典型译例： 原文：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.

译文：由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定有没有石油。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。当孔钻成后，放入钢管以防孔壁坍塌。如钻探到石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。 短短百余字的一段，竟出现了十几处被动语态！而翻译成汉语后，十几处被动语态全都转换成了主动结构。因此，被动语态的英汉翻译，应本着约定俗成的原则，按汉语的习惯表达法尽量将被动语态化为主动结构。以下是几种常用的英语被动语态的处理方法。 1．将英语被动直接转为汉语的主动 1）Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another. 每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为另一种形式。（保持原主语不变） 2）The picture was painted by Professor Smith. 这幅画是史密斯教授画的。（转换为系表结构）

3）A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。（宾语转换成主语）

4) Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.

全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。（状语充当主语）

5) Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。（增添主语）

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清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

6) If you had spoken clearly，you would have been understood． 假如你早说清了，别人就会理解你了。（增添主语） 2．将英语被动转为汉语的无主句

1) The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。

2) Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。

3) Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。 4) When traveling, you are advised to take travelers‘ checks，which provide a secure alternative to carrying your money in cash． 旅游时，建议你用旅行支票，这比带现金安全。 3． 英语被动语态保持不变

英语被动语态的翻译，在必要的时候（尤其是用以表达令人不快的事件）也可以译作汉语的被动结构，分别译作“被”、“给”、“遭”、“受”、“让”、“为??所”等字眼。

1) Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.

我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。

2) At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence. 月底，他因自己无能而给解雇了。

3) He was set upon by two masked men. 他遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。

4) Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。 5) He was pitied rather than disliked， 他让人可怜，而不是令人讨厌。

6) As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory. 一旦所有的事实为人们所发现，理论即可形成。 4．英语被动语态用意译法表达

英语被动语态的谓语都是及物动词，有时候汉语中没有类似的表达法。在这种情况下，就只能根据原文的意思进行意译。

1) The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 这个村子里住着大约13,000农民。

2) Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter. 大多数树木冬天要落叶。

3) The news was passed on by word of mouth. 众口相传，消息不胫而走。

4) She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet. 她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。

5) He has been wedded to translation. 他与翻译结下不解之缘。

6) Nowadays people usually prefer driving to being driven. 现在人们喜欢自己开车，而不喜欢坐别人开的车。

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清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

第九讲 正反交替 相得益彰

IX. 正反交替 相得益彰

考题实例：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 字面翻译：直到这些问题被解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续被排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 …… 此处隐藏：2066字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……