清华大学考研辅导强化班英语翻译讲义(6)

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

翻译中的转换变通技巧主要有词类转换和句子成分转换两种情况。

II．英译汉的词类转换方法技巧 1.各种词类转换成动词

汉语的动词使用频率比英语高, 所以将英语各种词类转换成汉语动词是最常见的词类转换。如：Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water. 住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。（英语动词只有一个，汉语有5个。） 以下是常见的英语各种词类转换为汉语的动词的情况。

1) The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。（名词转为动词） 2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（名词转为动词）

3) Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said． 听他一说，房间里的每个人都大吃一惊。（介词转为动词） 4) A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。（介词转为动词）

5) Chemist that he is, Charles is suspicious of all doctors‘ prescription． 查尔斯是位化学家，所以他对任何大夫开的药都怀疑。（形容词转为动词）

6) When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through. 当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。（副词转为动词） 7) In this case the temperature in the furnace is up. 在这种情况下，炉温就升高。（副词转为动词） 2．各种词类转换为名词

1) Most U S spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth‘s atmosphere after completing their missions.

根据设计，美国大多数间谍卫星要在完成使命后焚毁于大气层中。（动词转为名词）

2) The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.

设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。（动词转为名词） 3) The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同有效期为10年。（形容词转为名词）

4) In the fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive. 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。（形容词转为名词） 5) He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副词转为名词） 6) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined． 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。（副词转为名词） 7) Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater. 无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得多。（代词转为名词）

8) The specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper. 铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数那样小。（代词转为名词） 3．各种词类转为形容词

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清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

1) Given that they’re inexperienced，they‘ve done a good job. 鉴于他们没有经验，干成这样真不错。（名词转为形容词）

2) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。（名词转为形容词） 3) Earthquakes are closely related to faulting. 地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。（副词转为形容词）

4) It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic. 已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。 （副词转为形容词） 5) The pressure inside equals the pressure outside. 内部的压力和外部的压力相等。（副词转为形容词） 4. 各种词类转换成副词

1) Below 4℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 水在4度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。（形容词转为副词）

2) Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. 只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。（形容词转为副词） 3) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。（名词转为副词）

4) The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.

新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。（名词转为副词） 5) Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet. 加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。（动词转为副词） III. 英译汉的句子成分转换形式

在很多情况下，英语中不同的句子成分也可以根据翻译的需要进行互相转换；譬如，主语转为宾语，宾语转为主语，主语转为谓语，主语转为定语，状语转为主语等等。下面是一些典型的英译汉句子成分转换模式。

1) As the match burns, heat and light are given off. 火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(主语转为宾语)

2) This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7. 这种石头的相对密度是2.7。(宾语转为主语)

3) Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 应当始终注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰尘和受潮。(主语转为谓语) 4) Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.

只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。(主语转为谓语，宾语转为主语) 5) The baby doubled its weight in a year． 这婴儿的体重一年中长了一倍。(主语转为定语)

6) Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast． 成千上万的观众目瞪口呆，心嗵嗵直跳。(定语转为谓语)

7) The test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks. 本测验的目的是强化你们过去几个月内所学的知识。(谓语转为表语) 8) Mathematics is well taught at that school． 那个学校的数学教得好。（状语转为主语）

9) The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net. 海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。（宾语转为主语）

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清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

练习：and的翻译。And在以下各例中，and都不宜译作“和”、“与”、“并且”。 1. He did the work, and he did it very well. 2. He read for an hour and went to bed. 3. The sun came out and the grass dried. 4. I went to his house, and he came to mine. 5. He is so rich and lives like a beggar.

6. Rust is abrasive and can cause damage to the injection components. 7. Chemical splashes can cause eye irritation and permanent eye damage. 8. These parts are made of woods or plastics and not metals. 9. This means drying the oil before it enters the system and, to be sensible, ensuring that the air above the oil is dry.

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