清华大学考研辅导强化班英语翻译讲义(3)

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

即： 巨型空间转运飞船

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis ＝ pneumono (肺的) +ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (观察仪器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano（火山的）+ coni- (尘埃) + osis (病症)；即：硅酸盐沉着病，矽肺病（一种矿工易染的病） 2) 根据指代关系辨别词义

我们可以根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义；如:

(1) He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.

他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。

(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)

3) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义

语境分析是翻译的重要手段，没有一定的上下文，翻译就无从着手。如下面一例： Tension is building up.

根据不同上下文的具体情况，我们可分别将其译作： (1) 形势紧张起来。 (2) 张力在增大。 (3) 电压在增加。 (4) 压力在增强。 (5) 血压在增高。 (6) ??......

再如story一词的翻译：

(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (2) It is quite another story now.

(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4) He‘ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest.

(6) A young man came to Scotti‘s office with a story. (7) ?, but officials refused to confirm the story.

(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.

在不同的上下文中， 以上8个story在各句中分别具有8种不同的含义： (1) 事件; (2)情况; (3) 内部信息; (4)说法; (5) 遭遇; (6) 案子; (7) 消息; (8) 报道。因此以上各句可分别译作:

(1) 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 (2) 现在的情况完全不同了。

(3) 有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。 (4) 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。 (5) 那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。

(6) 一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。 (7) 但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。

(8) 报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。

6

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

4) 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义

(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base. 车床应安装在坚实的底座上。 （机械）

(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt. 众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。 （化学）

(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector. 晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子） (4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）

(5) The weary troops marched back to the base. 疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事） (6) He is on the second base. 他在二垒。（体育） 练习

一、根据词语搭配辨析词义。以常见的形容词good为例： 1. good saying名2. 言 3. good boy乖孩子 4. good child孝子

5. good contract有效的合同6. 7. good debt有把握收回的债 8. good eggs新鲜的鸡蛋 9. good eyesight正常的视力 10. good father慈父

11. good features漂亮的相貌 12. good friend挚友 13. good friend益友 14. good idea妙计

15. good investment可靠的投资 16. good joke有趣的笑话 17. good looks美貌 18. good luck鸿运

19. good manners得体的举止 20. good match佳偶、劲敌 21. good mother良母 22. good neighbor睦邻

23. good reason充足的理由 24. good soil肥沃的土地 25. good teacher良师 26. good wife贤妻

二、根据上下文翻译develop一词：

1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. ( 7

发生故障)

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程讲义(by mistysky)

2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)

3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷针) 4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断) 5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理论)

6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)

7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)

8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病) 9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(开发资源)

10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)

第三讲 直译意译 抓住要点

III. 直译意译 抓住要点

考题实例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. （1999） 人们关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不统一，其次是因为外界怀疑历史是不是一门学科。

直译：历史方法的兴趣 产生较少 通过外部 历史作为知识学科的合法性

I. 直译与意译

什么是直译？所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中尽量保持原文的形式—特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。例如，汉语中的“武装到牙齿”、“鳄鱼的眼泪”、“连锁反应”、“双赢”等 便是从英语的be armed to teeth, crocodile‘s tears, chain reaction以及win-win等词组短语直接翻译过来的，对应了原文的字面意义，保留了原文的生动形象。再如关于“死”的说法，英汉均有非常丰富的委婉表达方法。对于不同的对象，“死”的用法也各有讲究，直译较能生动地表现出原文的风格面貌、形象特点：breathe one’s last （断气），see God（见上帝），see one’s ancestors（见祖先），see Marx （见马克思），go west（上西天），go to heaven（进天国），kick the bucket（蹬腿儿了）?? 所谓意译，是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异，不便或无法将原文的思想内容或形象直接表现出来，需要译者根据原文的意思用自己的话恰如其分地将其译出。这就需要译者付出创造性的劳动，从整体上把握句子或篇章的内容。例如： 1. It rains cats and dogs.大雨如注

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