我国乳制品进出口贸易研究--毕业论文(6)

唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

pathogens to very low levels . According to a survey conducted by Omore et al (2005), 100 percent of urban households and 96 percent of rural households sampled boil their milk before consumption.

In addition, most dairy sector policies and project interventions in the EAC region have been guided by a view that equates dairy sector competitiveness with modern value chain development. Until recently, small-scale milk traders who account for over 80 percent of total milk trade were largely overlooked in planning project strategies and were effectively regarded as something that needed to be stamped out to make room for improved linkages with modern dairy processors. While this negative view of small-scale traders has since moderated as result of policy dialogue with donor projects and other changes that came with market liberalization, small-scale milk traders continue to be regarded by many in the EAC region as a transitional part of the dairy landscape only. Consistent with this view, dairy projects have traditionally focused their efforts on improving linkages between small farmers and formal dairy processors. Due to these efforts, there has been a significant change of policy in Kenya (and to a lesser extent in Uganda), to endorse small-scale milk traders.

Because of the preference of most consumers in East Africa for low cost raw milk, a major challenge for value chain projects has been to make formal sector dairying more attractive. Indeed, one primary reason why small-scale informal milk traders are most popular among the rural and urban poor is because of more favorable pricing compared with formal sector channels. Dairy processors throughout the EAC region have so far been unable (or unwilling) to pay price support have been needed to promote the upgrades needed for formal sector marketing instead. Among other things this has meant showing farmers the financial benefits of improved silage making and better livestock care, training of farmers in animal husbandry and milk hygiene, establishment of artificial insemination service points, and work with dairy producer groups to identify market outlets and negotiate reliable supply contracts with dairy processors.

Field work conducted in East Africa during December 2009 identified several problems with the standard-setting procedure. First, the standards setting process was driven mainly by international donors and the technical agencies, and did not consider the economic environment in which the small producers that make up the vast majority of the dairy industry operate; small me of the larger dairy producers in East Africa participated in the meetings, small producers and vendors were rarely consulted the standards setting process involved mainly dairy technologists.

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唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

Second, some East African countries participated in the standards setting process without knowing about the quality of their milk, the needs of their small producers, or the technological and capacity challenges they would face in implementing and adhering to the new standards. Similarly, no assessment of economic and wider social impacts on small-scale producers or consumers was made. Therefore, while the emphasis on health and safety has been well intentioned, the actual process has not taken into account the wider context of long term and sustainable development in the region.

Despite these problems, there have also been some positive developments which indicate that there is the potential to implement real policy changes that can better address long term development issues. For example, there has been a significant change of policy in Kenya (and to a lesser extent in Uganda) to endorse small- markets are important to the rural and urban poor because of more favorable pricing compared with formal sector channels. Therefore, evidence exists showing that enabling small producers to more effectively join the formal dairy sector could affect both health and economic considerations in the short and long run.

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唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

在东非共同体乳制品行业的非关税贸易壁垒

和区域标准

MichaelF.Jensen, John Keyser, Nicholas Strychacz

本文来自非洲贸易政策说明

在东非的乳业

尽管东非乳品行业是相当大的，乳业是国内重点活动，只有10％至20％的牛奶出售，并通过正规渠道和小于1％的国内重点分布主要是由于独特的生产和运输方面的挑战面对部门。原料奶是一项艰巨的产品贸易，特别是在非洲热带的温度和制冷基础设施的缺乏。更容易流通的奶制品包括奶粉，UHT奶，豪华的产品，如奶酪和酸奶。虽然区域内贸易还处于起步阶段，和乳制品的高度易腐的性质，使运作区域市场的发展困难，乳品贸易一直强劲增长，在过去的几年中，扩大乳制品贸易的可能性是存在的。

在这种情况下，有关奶制品的生产，运输，卫生标准的协议是必要的，因为低品质的奶制品可以有健康的负面后果，并可以降低整个区域的新兴乳品市场的需求。从生产和健康的角度来看，标准规定在脂肪含量方面，乳制品质量，纯净水的含量，细菌总数。从运输的角度来看，跨境贸易乳制品在很大程度上由每个国家的产业技术能力是有限的，而在乳品市场的增长，甚至可以是一种催化因素，该地区带来更先进的技术。例如，生产者对制冷系统的访问，更可能是能够运输和贸易乳制品跨越相当长的距离。在市场中的生产者和消费者团体都同意在适当的卫生标准和生产标准，消费者更容易获得一个健康的产品和生产者可以保持不断增长的市场准入。区域标准的制度设计和实施的理由是强硬的。

同时，实施设计不良的标准可能导致在市场效率、产品质量和执行标准上实践反而而适得其反。例如，实验室可以测试牛奶，设法确保乳制品的质量，但绝大多数的牛奶消耗本地以外的正式合格评定的范围，程序，80％的牛奶生产者的一部分“正规市场”，牛奶供应商，牛奶店的老板，和微型处理器组成。符合标准的，常常是昂贵的生产者，平均东非消费将无法支付的牛奶价格较高，如果这些费用转嫁。事实上，标准的实施将拿出价格标签是一个重要的设计标准，这将是双方在该地区的有益的第一步，并提高设计标准，将加强乳品市场，而不是限制它的重要性。

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