我国乳制品进出口贸易研究--毕业论文(5)

唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

谢辞

在孙老师的殷勤的指导和帮助下，历时一个月，我终于完成此文，在此非常感谢我的指导老师孙静老师。还有细心传授我外贸知识的众位老师，没有各位老师的指导和教诲，我就没有办法学到和掌握成为一名专业合格的外贸人才。同时也非常感谢为本文提供资料和数据支持的各个网站。还需要感谢所有我所参考文献的诸位学者，他们的文章为我完成本文提供了重要的参考。

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唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

参考文献

[1] 胡旺存. 我国乳制品的质量安全探析[J]. 阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)，2010(2). [2] 杨静，高静. 我国奶粉进出口贸易现状及展望 [J].农业展望，2010(9). [3]段合敏.中国乳制品业现状分析及发展建议[D].东南大学,2006. [4] 刘艺卓. 我国乳制品进口的增长因素分析 [J].中国乳业，2009(4).

[5] 于海龙，李秉龙. 我国乳制品的国际竞争力及影响因素分析[J].国际贸易问题，2011(10). [6] 范婧婧，武戈. 中国乳品进口贸易影响因素的实证研究[J].中国畜牧杂志，2008(2). [7]王秀清.中国食品市场上的质量信号问题[A].安玉发.食品系统研究[C].北京:中国农业出版

社, 2005: 208-219.

[8] 王攀. 价格倒挂进口倍增 国产奶粉雪上加霜[N].经济参考报，2009-08-21(A06). [9]Babcock Institute for International Dairy Research and Development (2006): The Dairy

Sector of India: A Country Study. Babcock Institute Discussion Paper No. 2006-2; [10]Jensen, M.F. & Keyser, J.C. (2010): Non-Tariff Measures on Goods Trade in the East

African Community Assessment of Regional Dairy Trade. World Bank. [11]张书义.乳制品安全与认证[J].食品安全导刊,2008,(5):44.

[12]苏继颖.HACCP在食品安全中运用的思考[J].粮食加工, 2006, 31(5): 10.

[13] 李栋，范云琳，邵明君. 乳制品市场消费调查报告[J].中国食物与营养，2011(11). [14]小川洁.企业经营和遵纪守法[R].南开大学,2008.

[15]迈克尔.波特.战略与社会:竞争优势与企业社会责任的联系[J].哈佛商业评论中文网,

2007,(11).

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唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

外文资料

Non-Tariff Barriers and Regional Standards

in the EAC Dairy Sector

MichaelF.Jensen, John Keyser, and Nicholas Strychacz

Africa Trade Policy Notes Note #2 June, 2010

The Dairy Industry in East Africa

Although the East African dairy industry is quite large, dairying is a domestically focused activity, with only 10 percent to 20 percent of milk sold and distributed through formal channels and less than 1 percent of domestic focus is mostly due to the unique production and transportation challenges facing the sector. Raw milk is a difficult product to trade, especially given the tropical temperatures in Africa and the lack of refrigeration infrastructure. Dairy products that are more easily tradable include milk powder, UHT milk, and luxury products such as cheese and yoghurt. Although intra-regional trade is in its infancy and the highly perishable nature of dairy products makes the development of a functioning regional market difficult, dairy trade has been growing strongly over the past several years, and the potential for expanding trade in dairy products exists.

In this context, agreements on production, transportation, and health standards relating to dairy products are essential, since low-quality dairy products can have negative health consequences and can reduce demand across the emerging regional dairy market. From a production and health perspective, standards specify quality of dairy products in terms of fat content, purified water content, and bacterial count. From a transportation perspective, cross-border trade in dairy products is limited to a large degree by the technological capacity of the industry in each country, and growth in the dairy market can even be a catalyzing factor for bringing more advanced technology to the region. For example, producers with access to refrigeration systems are more likely to be able to transport and trade dairy products across relatively long distances. In markets where producers and consumer groups can agree on appropriate health and production standards, the consumer is more likely to receive a healthy product and producers can maintain access to a growing market. The rationale for designing and implementing a regional standards regime, therefore, is strong.

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唐 山 学 院 毕 业 论 文

At the same time, implementing poorly designed standards can come at a high cost to market efficiency and product quality, and implementing standards that will not be upheld in practice is counterproductive. For example, laboratories might test milk to try to ensure the quality of dairy products, yet the vast majority of milk is consumed locally beyond the reach of formal conformity assessment procedures-80 percent of milk producers are part of the“informal market”,which is comprised of milk vendors, milk shop owners, and mini-processors. Conforming to standards is oftentimes costly for producers, and the average East African consumer would not be able to pay higher prices for milk if these costs were passed on. The fact that implementing standards will come with a price tag is an important first step in designing standards that will be mutually beneficial across the region, and increases the importance on designing standards that will strengthen the dairy market instead of constrain it.

A further issue is that standards may be misused. Vested interests sometimes try to manipulate standards and conformity assessment procedures in order to advance the sales of their own products and block market access for their competitors. Although international trade is only a small portion of overall dairy distribution, the influence of vested interests is particularly visible in this area. Dairy quality is assessed during border crossing procedures and the imposition of standards may be used as non-tariff barriers to trade. Harmonizing standards assessment procedures across the region could therefore help to facilitate the cross-border trade of healthier dairy products given that the standards to be harmonized are ca …… 此处隐藏：7164字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……