If引导的虚拟语气

if引导的条件句If she invites me tomorrow, I will go to the party.请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：

If she invited me, I would go to the party.假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。

If she had invited me yesterday, I would have gone to the party.假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。

If she should invite me tomorrow, I would go to the part如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。

后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后， if引导的非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况 “后退一步”。 也就是： ①与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示 ②与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示 ③与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加动词形式

1. 对现在的虚拟

if条件句中的谓语动词

主句的谓语动词

1. 行为动词用过去形式 2. be动词用were1.

Should/would/could/might + 动词原形

If the people were better educated, I believe this could solve the problem. If they had proper education in schools, they would know how to control their lives.

2. 对过去的虚拟

if条件句中的谓语动词

主句的谓语动词

Had done

Should/would/could/might + have done

1.

If they had ended their meeting without further action, Amercia would have been very different. If they had not campagined for financial independence, women may not have had control over their own money.

与将来事实相反的假设

if条件句中的谓语动词

主句的谓语动词

1. 行为动词用did 2. should + 动词原形 3. were to + 动词原形

Should/would/could/might + 动词原形

1. If the lecture should be late, you should have to make a speech first. 2. If the lecture were late tomorrow, you would have to make a speech first.

虚拟语气中省略if:在书面语中，如果从句 的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首。当然， 如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省 略if.

If I were to do it, I`d do it some other way. →Were I to do it, I’d do it some other way. If you should fail, try again. →Should you fail, try again. If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him. →Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. I would have bought the house If I had had enough money. →I would have bought the house had I had enough money.

Note: 省略了if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩 略形式。 Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. (√) Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.(×)

But for your help, I couldn’t have done it. Without electricity human life would be quite different today.练习：请用介词短语代替条件状语从句 1. 要不是你的帮助

,我就失败了。 2. 如果没有恰当的控制手段，核反应堆就会爆炸(核反应堆 nuclear reactor)。

4.1 Wish/ if only 的用法用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现 的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。

① 表示对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去式(be 动词用were); ② 表示对过去的假设，从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去 分词” ③ 表示对将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形

① 表示与现在事实不相符的假设事件 1. V-ed 主语+ wish/ if only + that+ 2. were 3. would/could/should+V I wish that he were my boyfriend. I wish that he cared for me. I wish that he could help me when I an in trouble.

② 表示与过去事实想法的假设主语+ wish/ if only + that+ 1. 过去完成时 2. would/could/should+V +have done

I wish that he had been my boyfriend at that time. I wish that she could have helped me when I wan in trouble.

③ 与将来事实相反主语+ wish/ if only + that+ would/could/might+动词原形

I wish you would agree with me. If only the rain would stop. I wish I could see the situation through his eyes.

注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于： hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。 Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。 请比较： We hope we will succeed. (We don’t know if we will succeed.) We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardly succeed.)

4.2 as if/as though, even if/even though从句中的虚拟.① ② ③ 如果指的是现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were) 如果指过去发生的动作，则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式 如果指将来的事情，would (should, could)+动词原形 She looks as if/though she were ill.看她的样子，好像生病了。 He walks as if he were a king.他走起路来就好像他是国王。 He acted as if nothing had happened.他表现得若无其事。 He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.即使天塌下来， 他也不会辞职。