人工智能课后习题答案部分已翻译考试

人工智能课后习题答案部分已翻译,适合专业选修课考试

Chapter1

1.1 Definein yourownword:(a)intelligence,(b)artificialintelligence,(c)agent.

Intelligence智能: Dictionarydefinitions of intelligencetalk about―the capacity to acquireandapply knowledge‖ or ―the faculty of thought and reason‖ or ―the ability to comprehend and profit from experience.‖ Theseareallreasonableanswers,butifwewantsomethingquantifiablewewoulduse somethinglike ―the abilityto apply knowledge in orderto performbetterin anenvironment.‖

智能的字典定义有一种学习或应用知识的能力，一种思考和推理的本领，领会并且得益于经验的能 力，这些都是有道理的答案，但如果我们想量化一些东西，我们将用到一些东西像为了在环境中更 好的完成任务使能力适应知识

Artificialintelligence人工智能:Wedefineartificialintelligenceasthestudyandconstructionofagent programs thatperformwell in a given environment, fora given agentarchitecture.

作为一学习和构造智能体程序，为了一个智能体结构，在被给的环境中可以很好的完成任务。 Agen 智能体t:Wedefineanagentasanentity实体 thattakesactioninresponsetoperceptsfroman environment.在一个环境中对一个对象做出反应的实体

1.4Thereare well-knownclassesofproblemthatareintractablydifficult forcomputers,andother classesthatare provablyundecidable. Doesthismean thatAIisimpossible?

http://www.77cn.com.cnually,thismeansthey can onlyapproximateoptimalbehavior.Noticethathumansdon’tsolveNPcompleteproblemseither.Sometimes they aregoodatsolvingspecificinstanceswithalotofstructure,perhapswiththeaidofbackground knowledge. AIsystems should attempt to dothesame.

1.11“surelycomputerscannotbeintelligent-they candoonly whattheirprogrammerstellthem.”Is the latterstatementtrue,and doesitimplytheformer?

Thisdependsonyourdefinitionof―intelligent‖and―tell.‖Inonesensecomputersonlydowhatthe

programmers command themto do, butinanothersense what the programmers consciouslytellsthe computertodooftenhasvery littletodowithwhatthecomputeractually does. Anyonewhohaswritten a program withanornerybugknowsthis,asdoesanyonewhohaswrittenasuccessfulmachinelearning program.SoinonesenseSamuel―told‖thecomputer―learntoplaycheckersbetterthanI do,andthenplay thatway,‖butinanothersensehetoldthecomputer―followthislearningalgorithm‖anditlearnedtoplay. Sowe’re leftin the situationwhereyoumay ormay notconsider learning to play checkers tobes signof intelligence(oryou maythinkthatlearningto playin the rightwayrequiresintelligence, butnotin thisway), and you maythinktheintelligenceresidesin the programmeror inthe computer

Chapter2

2.1Defineinyourown wordsthefollowingterms:agent,agentfunction,agentprogram,rationality, reflexagent,model-basedagent, goal-based agent, utility-based agent,learning agent. Thefollowingarejust some ofthe manypossible definitionsthatcan bewritten:

人工智能课后习题答案部分已翻译,适合专业选修课考试

Agent智能体:anentity（实体）thatperceives （感知）andacts行为;or,onethatcanbeviewedas perceivingandacting.Essentially本质上anyobjectqualifies限定;thekeypointisthewaytheobject

implementsanagentfunction.(Note:someauthorsrestricttheterm toprogramsthatoperateonbehalfofa human,or toprogramsthatcan cause someorallof theircode to runonothermachinesona network,as in mobile agents.MOBILE AGENT)

一个具有感知和行文的实体，或者是一个可以观察到感觉的实体，本质上，任何限定对象，只要的观 点是一种对象执行智能体函数的方法。（注意，一些作者）

可以感知环境，并在环境中行动的某种东西。

Agentfunction智能体函数:afunctionthatspecifiestheagent’sactioninresponsetoeverypossible perceptsequence.智能体相应任何感知序列所采取的行动

Agentprogram智能体程序:thatprogramwhich,combinedwithamachinearchitecture,implementsan agentfunction.Inoursimpledesigns,theprogramtakesanewperceptoneachinvocationandreturnsan

action.实现了智能函数。有各种基本的智能体程序设计，反应出现实表现的一级用于决策过程的信息 种类。设计可能在效率、压缩性和灵活性方面有变化。适当的智能体程序设计取决于环境的本性 Rationality；理性:apropertyofagentsthatchooseactionsthatmaximizetheirexpectedutility,giventhe percepts todate.

Autonomy自主:apropertyofagentswhosebehaviorisdeterminedbytheirownexperienceratherthan solelybytheir initialprogramming.

Reflex agent反射型智能体:an agentwhoseactiondependsonlyon thecurrentpercept. 一个智能体的行为仅仅依赖于当前的知觉。

Model-basedagent基于模型的智能体:anagentwhoseactionisderiveddirectlyfromaninternalmodel of the currentworldstate thatisupdated overtime.

一个智能体的行为直接得自于内在模型的状态，这个状态是当前世界通用的不断更新。 Goal-basedagen基于目标的智能体t:anagentthatselectsactionsthatitbelieveswillachieveexplicitly represented goals.智能体选择它相信能明确达到目标的行动。

Utility-basedagen基于效用的智能体t:anagentthatselectsactionsthatitbelieveswillmaximizethe expectedutilityofthe outcome state.试图最大化他们自己期望的快乐

Learning agent学习智能体:an agentwhosebehavior improvesovertime based on itsexperience.

2.2Boththeperformancemeasureandtheutilityfunctionmeasurehowwellanagentisdoing. Explain the difference betweenthe two. Aperformance measure（性能度量）isused byanoutside observer toevaluate（评估）howsuccessfulan agent is. It isa function fromhistories to a realnumber. Autilityfunction（效用函数）isused byan agent itselftoevaluatehowdesirable（令人想要）statesorhistoriesare.Inourframework,theutilityfunction

maynotbethesameastheperformancemeasure;furthermore,anagentmayhavenoexplicitutility functionatall, whereas there isalwaysa performancemeasure.

2.5 For each offollowingagents, develop aPEAS description of the task environment: a. Robot soccerplayer;

b. Internetbook-shopping agent; c. AutonomousMarsrover;

d. Mathematician’stheorem-proving assistant.

Some representative, butnotexhaustive, answersare given in Figure S2.1.

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