REFERENCES - FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY(2)

Young, D.J. (1990) An investigation of students’ perspectives on anxiety and speaking, Foreign Language Annals, 23 (6), 539-553.

Young, D.J. (1991) Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?, Modern Language Journal, 75(iv), 426-439.

Young, D.J. (1992) Language anxiety from the foreign language specialist’s perspective: Interviews with Krashen, Omaggio, Hadley, Terrell and Rardin, Foreign Language Annals, 25 (2), 157-172.

Foreign Language Anxiety

First “as a manifestation or transfer of other types of anxiety … in the language learning context” (Horwitz, Tallon, and Luo, 2010, p. 95), and secondly as an anxiety that is specific to situation. Unfortunately, there is a negative relationship between second language grade achievement and foreign language anxiety (Horwitz, 2001). Additionally, this type of anxiety can hinder communication while learning the new language which is essential in obtaining proficiency (Kleinmann, 1977; MacIntyre & Garndner, 1991a, 1991b; Macntyre & Charos, 1995). Many believe that the anxiety surrounding foreign language may be due to a fear of misportraying authenticity (Horwitz, 2000, 2009; Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope, 1986). In other words, a student may be afraid of “sounding weird” in their attempts to reproduce a foreign language.

References

Horwitz, E. K. (2000). It ain’t over til it’s over: On foreign language anxiety, first language deficits, and the confounding of variables. Modern Language Journal, 84, 256-259).

Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.

Horwitz, E. K. (2009). Cultural identity and language anxiety: How self-concept and cultural expectations interact with performance in a second language. In P. Cheng & J. X. Yan (Eds.), Cultural identity and language anxiety, (pp. 57-69). Guanxi, China: Guangxi Normal University Press.

Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132.

Horwitz, E. K., Tallon, M., & Luo, H. (2010). Foreign language anxiety. In J. C. Cassady (Ed.), Anxiety in schools: The causes, consequences, and solutions for academic anxieties (pp. 95-115). New York, NY: Peter Lang.

Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. J. (1991). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kleinmann, H. H. (1977). Avoidance behaviour in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning, 27, 93-107.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1995, June). Personality, motivation and

willingness to communicate as predictors of second language communication. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Psychological Association, Charlottetown, PEI.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991a). Methods and results in the study of anxiety in language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41, 85-117.

MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991b). Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 75, 296-304.