城市社会学试题汇总(2)

b. the Boston Commons（commonland） and

the Burying Ground

c. Boston s North End: an Italian Neighborhood

Two cultural variables: sentiment and symbolism,

Study Examples in Socio-Cultural Ecology: Christen Jonassen

Geographic mobility of the Norwegian community in New York between the years 1850 and 1947

Traditional occupations and cultural value

(Fishing, agriculture, openness and greenery)

could be used to account for changes in

geographic location of the Norwegian community.

第五章

1、 What is

Growth or emergence of a large population center consisting of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence, or of several neighboring cities or towns and adjoining areas, with one or more large cities serving as its hub or hubs.

Two Ecological Processes:中心化与扩散化

Concentration: Americans were concentrating in urban areas while they were spreading outward.

Decentralization: Within urban regions, people and institutions were decentralizing. They were moving to the outskirts of cities.

第六章

3、The fork-urban continuum was developed by Robert Redfield. Redfield analyzed a relatively large regional center and a tribal village. Passage from one stage to another was accompanied by cultural disorganization: one form of social order broke down and was replaced by another. The basic trend is movement from the simple to the more complex forms of organization.

Robert Redfield: Folk-Urban Continuum

(1)Folk Society ( “Little Tradition” )

mechanical solidarity - emphasis on ascribed statuses

small-scale, isolated, self sufficient

考试复习

homogeneous-slow to change

emphasis on the sense of group solidarity holds the community together

(2) Urban Society (“Great Tradition”)

organic solidarity, achieved statuses

large scale, not isolated

Heterogeneous

dominant - arrangements holding people together result from mutual usefulness or coercion (law)

第七章

3、 Suburbanites are seen as “normal families” living in neat single-family houses.

Suburbanites manifest certain significant differences from their urban counterparts.

Life-style; tendency; incomes; attitudes et al

There is no single suburban life-style.

The suburbs are increasingly heterogeneous. The is great diversity in the specific life-styles dominant in individual suburbs.

Characteristics of Working-Class Suburbanites

第八章

2、Explain Merton’s theory of and its critiques.

Anomie occurs “when there is an acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals, and the socially structured capacities of members of the group who act in accord with them” (from Social Theory and Social Structure, 1968) ... anomie is discontinuity between cultural goals and the legitimate means for achieving them.....leads to deviance

The five ways in which people can respond to the social situation：

acceptance 接受 (conformity)

ritualism 形式主义

retreatism 退缩

rebellion 反叛

innovation 变换手法

Deviant behavior will occur most frequently in groups that are most systematically excluded from the reward structure.

Criticism of Merton’s Anomie Hypotheses

（1）It is unlikely that any one dominant set of value exists. Contemporary urban society is typified by normative and value diversification and cultural pluralism.

（2）Delinquent behaviors occur with almost equal frequency among all social classes. It is the type of crime—and not the incidence—that varies by class.

（3）Most acts labeled as “deviant” are actually group-oriented activities.

（4）The anomie thesis is seen as ignoring the roles of the individual actor as a member of many

考试复习

primary group.

第九章

2、(Meaning and process of urban renewal ).

Urban renewal refers to process or program through which deteriorated neighborhoods are upgraded through clearance and redevelopment (building, infrastructure, and public amenities).

Urban renewal had a very modest success.

The damage done by urban renewal seems to greatly outweigh its successes

Herbert J. Gans：

(1) Relocation is often ruthlessly handled, poor people s economic and cultural deprivation are magnified.

(2) Neighborhood are destroyed, since the relocation was based on individual family and large cohesive areas were cleared all at once.

(3) The supply of cheap housing decreases, only about one sixth the number of homes were built as were destroyed.

(4) Benefits for the poor are also slow in coming, business has tended to make a great deal of profit at the expense of the poor.

David Caputo：

The unanticipated consequences of urban planning are ignored by government.

Scott Greer:

(1) Urban Renewal ignores the fact of changing urban ecological structure.

(2) It is difficult for effective large-scale planning on the base of existing political subdivision within urban areas.

(3) Slum clearance merely accentuates the lack of cheap housing.

3、国家征地权 In the US, the right of the government to get property of the land by condemnation for public or quasi-public use, provided that the owner is fairly compensated.

4、.

Zoning usually consists of rules and regulations that govern land-use within areas of the city, density of land-use, and the quality of structures. One of the oldest and most widely applied by urban planners.

a. Zoning first developed as a means of controlling neighborhood and to promote public health and welfare.

b. Zoning is also one of the major tools through which planners attempt to create a rational ordered distribution of land-us …… 此处隐藏：5343字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……