城市社会学试题汇总

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城市社会学复习题

我们在实际背的时候发现很多题还不太完善，请自行酌情更改……

前言

3、?

a. Urbanism is a function of population density(人口密度), size and heterogeneity

[,het r ud i'ni: ti](异质化).

b. Secondary relationships replace primary contacts.

c. People are not generally known to others as individuals.

d. Warm emotionalism is replaced by cold rationalism.

e. People are not judged as individuals but in relation to how well they perform their roles.

第一章

2、Physical and social structure of and its historical significance to the development of human society.

a. It is an independent political unit consisting of a city and surrounding countryside.

b. The city-state had great influence on the following politics because its tradition of democracy[di'm kr si]. Citizens had the right to vote. But the citizenship was limited to those born of citizens and limited by class distinction and religion.

7. Explain the meanings and relation of the two concepts, “

第二章

2、(1)Concentration: The tendency for an increased number of people or institutions to locate within a given area. Its degree is measured by density.

(2)Dispersion: The tendency for the number of people or institutions in an area to decline and is measured by density.

(3)Centralization: The tendency for certain land-use functions to come together at an important point in a city to satisfy common needs.

(4)Decentralization: The tendency of people or function to move away from a point of pivot.

(5)Segregation(隔离): Within an ecological distribution, there is competition for resources and advantageous location. One consequence of conflict over location is the tendency for groups and institutions to gather in certain areas. The “shifting” of population and function into separate homogeneous[,h m 'd i:ni s] areas is regarded as segregation.

(6)Invasion: Assume that there is a section of a city occupied by a particular group. A second group begins to move into the territory and displaces some of the residents. The process of movement of one group into territory occupied by another is known as invasion.

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(7)Succession: If the second group displaces the first and take over the area, succession is said to have occurred.

3、What kind of trends of urban growth are described and explained by Burgess's （1）Tendency to push outward from the city centre when the city grows.

（2）there is a tendency for the size of the parcels of land to increase and density of occupancy to decrease as distance from centre city increase.

（3）the movement from CBD to Zone 5 involves certain time/cost tradeoffs.the economic value of the land,which is far from the city centre,is reduced.

4、一：维基百科版答案

The multiple nuclei model is an ecological model put forth by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities." The model describes the layout of a city. It notes that while a city may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood. Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for example. The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth.

The theory was formed based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership. This increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (eg. heavy industry, Business Park). There is no clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model. Concentric zone model

Based on human ecology theories done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. It is effectively an urban version of Von Thunen's regional land use model developed a century earlier.[2] It contrasts with Homer Hoyt's sector model and the multiple nuclei model.

The zones identified are:

1.The center was the CBD

2.The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses

3.Low-class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city

4.Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs)

muters zone

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt.[1] It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth. As with all simple models of complex phenomena its validity is limited.

二：高老师课件版答案

①Burgess s Concentric Zone Theory

五个同心圆模式First concentric ring = Large office bldgs.（建筑）.、retail establishments（零售公司）, and governmental bldgs.（政府建筑）

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Second ring = zone of transition, （过渡区）low socio-economic sector（低社会经济区域）, light manufacturing.（轻工业制造）

Third ring = workers who work in zone two.

Fourth ring = high end apartments(高档公寓), single family homes, entertainment, commercial establishments.

Fifth ring = Commuters zone, suburbs, semirural areas 30-60 minutes commute to CBD. ②Hoyt s Sector Theory

The Sector Theory

Primarily concerned residential neighborhoods. Residential neighborhoods viewed as wedge-shaped sectors surrounding CBD.

Principles of the Sector Theory

Group in social order tend to segregated into areas according to socio-econ.

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