英语语言学复习总结(3)

---- Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true, e.g.

I think the film is moving.

I’m certain I have never seen the man before.

I solemnly swear that he had got it.

I think it is good.

Directives（指令）

---- Trying to get the hearer to do something, e.g.

I order you to leave right now.

Open the window, please.

Your money or your life!

Sit down, please.

Commissives （承诺）

英语语言学

---- Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action, such as promise or a threat. e.g.

I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.

If you do not stop fighting, I’ll call the police.

I promise to come.

Expressives（表达）

----Expressing the speaker’s psychological state(feeling and attitudes) about something,such as an aplology, a complaint, to thank someone, to congratulate someone. e.g.

I’m sorry for being late.

I apologize for the sufferings that the war has caused to your people.

You are so wonderful!

Declarations（宣告）

----Bringing about an immediate change in the existing state or affairs, e.g.I now appoint you chairman of the committee.

You are fired.

I now declare the meeting open.

I now pronounce you man and wife.

Note: All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force, e.g.(1)

I guess / am sure / swear he is the murderer.

e.g.(2)In order to get someone open the door, we can choose one from a variety of the forms in below:

英语语言学

Could you open the door, please!

Can you open the door!

Do you mind opening the door?

Open the door!

The door please!

Language change

periods

1) 449—1100: Old English

Beginning: English-speaking Anglo-Saxon and Jutes invaded into the British Isles

The End: “Norman Conquest” : the arrival of Norman French invaders Glæs; guma; gat

----glass ---man ---goat

“Beowulf”---England 8century poem,brave warrior

2) 1100—1500 Middle English

Beginning: “Norman Conquest” : the arrival of Norman French invaders The End:“European Renaissance Movement”

Latin and French

“The Canterbury Tales”----

Geoffrey Chaucer (1345-1400)

3) 1500—the present Modern English

Beginning: “European Renaissance Movement”

英语语言学

The End: the present

Diphthongs appears: ai, au, ei, eu, ou, oi

Because of pressing industry overspreading, the spelling forms are determined/less changes.

Regional dialect

Reason: This differentiation is accounted for the lack of communication in the old days when travel was difficult.

Female Speech’s Features

1. Women are usually more status-conscious than men in the

English-speaking world; therefore, their speech closely approaches the standard variety than the speech of men.

2. The female speakers tend to have a wider range in their intonation.

3. Female speech is, on the whole, less assertive and thus sounds to be more polite than male speech.

Register: a Speech Variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation (e.g. doctors, lawyers) or the same interests (e.g. stamp collectors, baseball fans).

In a broader sense, according to Halliday, “language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.

Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register:

field of discourse,

tenor of discourse,

mode of discourse

英语语言学

Field of discourse: what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical.)

Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.)

Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the line )

Standard Variety:

=standard dialect

=standard language:

the variety of a language which has the highest Status in a community of nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.

The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave, i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.

Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

英语语言学

(文化影响语言，语言影响文化)

The inadequacy of behaviorist view

1. What they imitate must be based on what the children have already known instead of what is “available” in the environment.

2. They imitate words selectively and according to their own

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