英语语言学复习总结(2)

8、Four maxims of CP (I)

英语语言学

The maxim of quality

----Do not say what you believe to be false.

----Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

The maxim of quantity

----Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange.

----Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of relation

----Be relevant ( make your contribution relevant).

The maxim of manner

----Avoid obscurity of expression.

----Avoid ambiguity.

----Be brief.

----Be orderly.

（先判断在分析，先判断是不是relation从literal meaning是不是同一个主题）

Conversational implicature 会话含义，言外之意；会话含意

In real communication, however, speakers do not always observe these maxims strictly. These maxims can be violated for various reasons. When any of the maxims is violated, i.e. both the speaker and the hearer are aware of the violation, our language becomes indirect, then

conversational implicature arises.

填空，definition 判断 选择

英语语言学

Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to establishment of phonetics

Phonology: how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

Morphology: is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes

Syntax: the study of how word combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.

Semantics: it examines how meaning is encoded in language. It is concerned with 1)meanings of the words. 2) levels of language below the word and above it

Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in communication,

particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situation in which they are used.

Sociolinguistics: the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch

Psycholinguistics: relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how . , how

Articulatory phonetics发音语音学

英语语言学

----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”

--------speaking

Acoustic phonetics声学语音学；

----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.

-------sounding

Auditory phonetics听觉语音学

----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” --------listening

Classification of consonants

---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:

The manner of articulation

The place of articulation

Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [l ], [ pit ]

Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]

英语语言学

Semantics----the study of language meaning.

Meaning is central to the study of communication.

Naming theory’s Limitations

1) Applicable to nouns only.

2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world.

3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions.

Conclusion on semantic triangle

The symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements (words and phrases); The referent refers to the object in the world of experience; Thought or reference refers to concept.

Relations:

The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.

7. Antonymy(反义现象)

Antonymy: refers to the oppositeness of meaning.

1. Gradable antonyms----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. Old-young, hot-cold, tall-short

2. Complementary antonyms----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. Alive-dead, male-female,

英语语言学

3. Relational opposites----exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items

Husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, employer-employee, give-receive

8. Homonymy（同形异义）

Homonymy---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

Homophone ---- when two words are identical in sound, rain-reign, night/knight,

Homogragh ---- when two words are identical in spelling.

tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.),

Complete homonym---- when two words are identical in both sound and spelling, ball(E,F), bank, watch, scale, fast,

Polysemy----the same one word may have more than one meaning.

“table” may mean: 1. A piece of furniture

2. All the people seated at a table

3.The food that is put on a table

4. A thin flat piece of stone, metal wood, etc.

5. Orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc.

X entails Y(蕴含关系)

X: John married a blond heiress.

Y: John married a blond.

英语语言学

X: Marry has been to Beijing.

Y: Marry has been to China.

Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.

If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be true or false.

X presupposes Y（预射关系）

X: His bike needs repairing.

Y: He has a bi …… 此处隐藏：5100字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……