历年考研英语试题命题特点及规律(阅读理解B部分)(3)

(4)重点词汇。在任何一个段落或者一篇文章中，反复出现的词汇都是重点词汇，应该予以重视。除了出现频率较多的词汇之外，以特殊形式出现的词汇，诸如黑体字，斜体字，括号里，引号里的字也不容忽视。
其他应该注意的问题包括：(1)个个突破。考生要明确考查目标，这类题型考查的是归纳总结能力，并非逻辑推理能力，所以重点应该放在各个小的考查点上，不要反复阅读全文。
(2)顺序问题。先将有把握的选项填好
，不要在拿不准的地方浪费时间。
(3)避免重复，转移为佳。选项不会是对原文的简单重复，大多是对原文的转译。考生应该避开反复的简单重复原文的选项。
(四)大纲样题分析(Sample 4)
Directions:
You are going to read a list of hea

历年考研英语试题命题特点及规律

dings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A. What to do as a student?
B. Various definitions of plagiarism.
C. Ideas should always be sourced.
D. Ignorance can be forgiven.
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one's own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, foo
tnoting, listing bibliography - are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Alt

历年考研英语试题命题特点及规律

hough 'there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,' the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
一、文章总体分析
本文是关于学术抄袭的说明文。该文章层次分明，先介绍什么是抄袭，包括给它下定义;接着说明对抄袭的惩罚，以及学生抄袭的三种类型;最后指出学术界人士应该避免抄袭。
第一段：给抄袭下定义。
第二段：介绍对抄袭的不同处罚。
第三至六段：用分类法说明学生抄袭的三种情况。
第七段：指出学术界人士应该尊重知识，避免抄袭。
二、试题具体分析
(一)迅速阅读选项，了解选项及文章大意。
这种题型的选项一般置于文章前面，表达简洁明了，容易理解。迅速浏览一下其大意后，可以推测出该文章的主要话题是抄袭。(选项翻译见全文翻译)
(二)阅读所考段落，概括段落大意
接下来的主要工作是概括所考查段落的主旨，可通过寻找段落主题句完成。
第一段给学术抄袭下定义。
(1)第41题所在段落即第二段说明了抄袭在不同情况下所受到的处罚。段首句是主题句。段中出现了penalty, punishment, fine, imprisonment, a ruined career等关键词表明了关于惩罚的各种形式。[F]项中consequences (后果)虽然是个中性词，但它可以概括所有的处罚类型，此外没有更合适的选项。
(2)第三段的首句指出，学生必须严格要求自己，注明借用观点或者词语的出处，以避免各种形式的抄袭。这显然是A.项概括的内容。但这里考生匆忙之 …… 此处隐藏：4536字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……