《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案(4)

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导读： Focal points: definition and classification of morphemes; major word-formation methods Teaching procedure Lexicon：In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary. In its technical s

Focal points: definition and classification of morphemes; major word-formation

methods

Teaching procedure

Lexicon：In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary. In its

technical sense, it deals with the analysis and creation of words.

1. Word 1.1 What is word

A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. 1.2 Three senses of “word”

a. a physical definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pause or blank

b. the common factor underlying a set of forms c. a grammatical unit

e.g. It is kind of you ,Miss Hou.

Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence. 1.3 Classification of word a. Variable vs. invariable words b. Grammatical words vs. lexical words

c. Closed-class words vs. open-class words 2. The formation of word 2.1 Morphology

Definition：Morphology is a branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure

of words and the rules by which words are formed.

The two fields (p88)

Derivational morphology: the study of word-formation

2.2 Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning 2.2.1 Definition

很完整 ,很有用。

Morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit. 2.2.2 Types of morphemes

morpheme

free root

bound bound root root

affix inflectional

derivational prefix suffix

Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves

Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be

combined with other morphemes to form words

Inflectional morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various

grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.

Derivational morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to

create new words. There are three kinds according to position: prefix, suffix and infix.

prefix: change meaning dis-; un-; mis- suffix: change part of speech -ly; -ness; -tion

infix: some languages also have infixes, affix morphemes that are inserted into root

or stem morphemes to divide them into two parts.

tatawa ―a person who will laugh‖ ―a person who is laughing‖ ngitad ―dark‖ ―to be dark‖

In this language, the infix –um- is inserted after the first consonant of a noun or adjective. (fikas- ―strong‖ ―to be strong‖) 2.3 morpheme and phoneme 2.3.1 allomorph

A morpheme is a linguistic abstraction; it is a concept. It needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographic forms. Those forms are called morphs.

In morphemic transcription, morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces like

Allomorph: A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. The variant forms of the same morpheme are called its allomorphs. 2.4 Lexical change

很完整 ,很有用。

2.3.1 Lexical change proper

Major ways to create new words:

Compounding合词法: a process of combining two or more words into one lexical

unit. blackboard godfather baby-sit cross-cultural

Derivation: the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to

the roots or words.

widen 顺时针)

Blending拼缀法 : a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other

words.

smog(smoke+fog); brunch smaze(smog+haze); telecast(television+ broadcast); motel (motor +hotel)

Abbreviation: a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete

form.

e.g. TV(television) Dr(doctor) hr(hour) ft(foot or feet)

clipping: a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrases e.g. telephone---phone memorandum---memo electronic mail---e-mail high fidelity---hi-fi

Acronym首字母拼音词: a word created by combining the initial letters of a number

of words.

e.g. UNESCO联合国教科文组织 APEC亚太经贸合作组织 Sars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CD(compact disk) laser(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) radar (radio detecting and ranging) Initialism首字母连写词: VOA BBC WTO

Back-formation逆成法: a process by which new words are formed by taking away

the suffix of an existing word.

televise (from television) donate (from donation) enthuse (from enthusiasm) Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages Coinage : the invention of a new word

2.3.2 Phonological change

Changes in sounds lead to changes in form

(1)vowel sound change: Great Vowel Shift in history (2)sound loss (3)sound addition (4)metathesis

2.3.3 Morpho-syntactical change 2.3.4 Semantic change

The change of meaning of a word

很完整 ,很有用。

Broadening Narrowing

Meaning shift: a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a

new, sometimes related meaning. Class shift (conversion):

Elevation and degradation

Homework

Questions and Exercises 1,2,3,

Self-study guide