《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案(2)

E.g. ―house‖ uchi (Japanese)

Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) ―dog‖ gou (Chinese) chien (French)

conventionality----It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.

There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness. Most people, especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by nature. Other people, however, hold that language is iconic(图标的), that is, there is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning, such as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo; crash)

For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it, And for them, the sets of signals used in communication is finite.

b. Productivity/Creativity----language is resourceful. It makes possible the

construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.)

non-human signals ,on the other hand, appears to have little flexibility. e.g. an experiment of bee communication:

The worker bee, normally able to communicate the location of a nectar source, will fail to

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do so if the location is really new‘. In one experiment, a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and a food source at the top. Ten bees were taken to the top, shown the food source, and sent off to tell the rest of the hive about their find. The message was conveyed via a bee dance and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food. They flow around in all directions, but couldn‘t locate the food. The problem may be that bee communication regarding location has a fixed set of signals, all of which related to horizontal distance. The bee cannot create a new ‘ message indicating vertical distance.

c. duality----language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers, namely, the

level of sounds and that of meaning.

the higher level ----words which are meaningful

the lower or the basic level----sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and

regrouped into words. Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f ” )

This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language, since

with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning. The principle of economy

d. Displacement----human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events

and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.

Bee communication:

When a worker bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the hive, it can perform a complex dance routine to communicate to the other bees the location of this nectar. Depending on the type of dance (round dance for nearby and tail-wagging dance, with variable tempo, for further away and how far), The other bees can work put where this newly discovered feast can be found. Bee communication has displacement in an extremely limited form. However, it must be the most recent food source.

e. Cultural transmission----genetic transmission

You acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental

genes.

The process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.

Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.

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河池学院课时计划（教案）

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Chapter 2 Phonology

Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology. Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about

phonology

Teaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution

Teaching procedure

1. the phonic medium of language

Language is a ―system of vocal symbols‖. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.

As we know, there are two branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.

2. Phonetics

2.1 What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‘s language. 3 sub-branches of phonetics:

Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds

Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in

speech

Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds

2.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)

refers to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.

The three cavities of the vocal tract: cavity)咽腔, (oral cavity), (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.

Larynx: at the top of the trachea气管, the front of which is the Adam‘s apple. This is

the first place where sound modification might occur.

vocal folds (vocal cords)声带: Vocal cords are two membranes, the positions of

which gives different sounds.

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●When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. e.g. [p, s, t ]

●When they are close together, the airstreams causes them to vibrate and produ …… 此处隐藏：5806字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……