《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案(3)

2.4.1 Classification

place.

Vowels: sounds produced with no obstruction.

pure vowels (monophthong)—vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation.

vowel glides----vowels where there is an audible change of quality

Semi-vowels ( semi-consonants) : the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also

called glides or transition sounds) 2.4.2 Description Consonants (P18-20)

Three parameters to identify a consonant:

①manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished ②place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs ③state of vocal cords: voiced VS. voiceless ④the position of the soft palate ( oral or nasal)

⑤the course of the escaping of the air-stream: central or lateral according to manners of articulation:

stops/ plosives 塞音/ 破裂音; [ p ] [ b ] [ t ] [ d ] [ k ] [ g ] fricatives 摩擦音； [ f ] [ v ] [ s ] [ z ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] affricates塞擦音 [ ] [ ] liquids / retroflex：流音 [ l ] [ r ] nasals 鼻音 [ m ] [ n ] [ ] glides滑音 ( semi-vowel) [ w ] [ j ] according to place of articulation: bilabial双唇音 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] labiodental 唇齿音 [ ] [ ]

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dental 齿音 [ ] [ ]

alveolar 齿龈音 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] palatal 腭音 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] velar 软腭音 [ ] [ ] [ ] glottal 喉音 [ ] Vowels (P21-22)

the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips. Cardinal vowels:

Four criteria (parameters) of vowel description:

①the position of highest part of the tongue :front, central, back ②the openness of the mouth: close, semi-close, semi-open, open ③the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding ) : rounded, unrounded ④the length or tenseness of the vowel : tense vs. lax or long vs. short monophthongs:

diphthongs: one sound glides to another ( see picture in the textbook) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

Exercises: describe the following sounds [ ]: voiced alveolar stop dental fricative voiced alveolar nasal bilabial plosive palatal affricative alveolar liquid

[ ]: front close unrounded short [ ] central semi-open unrounded short [ ] central semi-close unrounded long [ ] back open unrounded long [ ] back close rounded long

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3. Phonology

3.1 phonology and phonetics

Phonetics and phonology are the two disciplines dealing with speech sounds. While both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetic studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. Phonology, on the other hand, is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.

Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterance, to recognize a foreign accent, to make up new words. 3.2 phonemes, phones and allophones

phone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are

all phones. It‘s a phonetic unit or segment. (in the mouth)

Conventionally, phones are placed within square brackets “[]”(phonetic

transcription)

Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning. Usually phones of different phonemes distinguish meaning.

phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a

word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It‘s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.

Phonemes are placed in slashes “/ / ” (phonemic transcription)

e.g.Neither the sound [p] in pit or the sound [b] in bit is a phoneme. They are phones; they are the phonetic realization of the phoneme /p/ and /b/.

allophone: when we have a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme,

we refer to them as the allophones of that phoneme. One phoneme may have several allophones, but the choice of an allophone is rule-governed.

3.3 Minimal pairs and complementary distribution

Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phoneme, they might form a contrast; e.g. /p/and /b/ in [pit] and [bit]; If they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they don‘t distinguish meaning, but

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complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic context. Strictly speaking, every sound is different from every other sounds. But in phonology some of the difference may be ignored

A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning.

3.3.1 Minimal pairs (最小对立体)

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.

When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a minimal pair.

Minimal pairs are established on the basis of sound and not spelling. Three requirements for a minimal pair: one phonetic difference in the same place different meaning …… 此处隐藏：5391字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……