专业外语分句翻译 土木工程专业英语翻译（武汉理工大学出版社段(5)

6,000 psi(420 kg／sq cm)．

极限抗拉强度超过10000psi的钢筋混凝土都是有可能的，虽然大多数生产出来的商业混凝土的强度都低于6000psi。

Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of the great variety，strength，durability，and lightness．

塑料因为它的多样化，强度，耐久性，和轻质性，很快就成为了重要的建筑材料。 A plastic is a synthetic material or resin which can be molded into any desired shape and which uses an organic substance as a binder．

塑料是一种合成材料或树脂，它能被浇铸成任何期望的形状，它还使用有机物质作为粘结剂。

Organic plastics are divided into two general groups：thermosetting and thermoplastic．

有机塑料被分为了两个大的类别：热凝性和热塑性。

The thermosetting group becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied；once set，these plastics cannot be remolded．

当加热时，热凝性一类就会发生化学变化变硬；一旦凝固，这些塑料就不能够再重铸。

The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before becoming rigid，this group is not used generally as a structural material．

热塑性这一类在高温下仍保持柔软，而且在变硬以前必须要降温；这一类通常不能作为结构材料使用。

The ultimate strength of most plastic materials is from 7,000 to 12,000 psi(490 to 840 kg／sq cm)，although nylon has a tensile strength up to 60,000 psi(4.200 kg／sq cm)． 大部分塑料的极限强度在7000到12000psi之间，虽然尼龙的抗拉强度高达60000psi。

This text introduced some knowledge about building materials. Primarily, building materials must have elasticity. A second important property of a building material is its stiffness．The text introduced detailedly the following building materials which are used frequently: masonry, timber, steel, aluminum, concrete, reinforced concrete and plastic.

这篇文章介绍了建筑材料的一些知识。首先，建筑材料必须具有弹性。建筑材料的第二个重要特性是它的刚度。文章详细地介绍了一下几种常用的建筑材料：砖石材料、木材、钢材、铝、混凝土、钢筋混凝土和塑料。

All structures must be designed to support loads without danger of overall collapse or failure of the components．

所有的结构都必须被设计得在不出现全面的倒塌或构件的破坏等危险的条件下就能支撑荷载。

One way to assure structure safety is to ascertain that stresses and strains produced by loads are less than those allowed by established design codes．

保证结构安全的一种方法是确定由荷载产生的应力、应变比公认的设计规范所容许的应力、应变小。

This determination of stresses and strains in structures is a primary objective of structural analysis.

在结构中确定应力和应变是结构分析的主要的目的。

Generally，analysis begins with a check of the overall stability of a structure． 通常，分析是从检查结构的总体稳定性开始的。

This involves the determination of the forces exerted by the structure against its supports. 这涉及到确定结构施加到它的支撑的力。

If the supports are adequate to withstand the forces，they in turn react with equal but opposite forces against the structure.

如果支撑足够承受这些力，那么它们依次作用大小相等的反力到结构上。

If computation shows that the reactions balance the loads (weight of structure, occupants, stored materials，vehicles，wind，and earthquake forces)，the structure is in static equilibrium.

如果计算显示反力平衡了荷载（结构、人群、存放的材料等的重量，车辆荷载，风力和地震力），那么结构就处于静力平衡状态。

The next step is determination of internal forces and unit stresses in the components of the structure.

接下来的一步就是确定结构的各组成部分的内力和单位应力。

Finally，if necessary，the deformation of the structure as a whole and of its components may be calculated.

最后，如果需要的话，还可能计算结构整体和各部分的变形。

These steps are facilitated by use of principles and concepts such as the law of equilibrium.

通过使用一些原理和概念，比如平衡原理，可以简化这些步骤。

Many of these tools are based on the assumption that the structure is elastic under loads；that is, stress is proportional to strain．

这些工具中的许多都是基于这样一个假定：结构在荷载作用下是弹性的，也就是说，应力和应变成比例。

The structural analysis for stresses and strains in frame members includes consideration of static loads，such as the weight of the members and floors，contents of the building，and live loads (considered to be static)，and dynamic loads such as wind and earthquakes．

框架构件中，应力和应变的结构分析包括静荷载的考虑，比如构件和楼板的重量，建筑物容量的考虑，活荷载的考虑（被认为是静态的），动荷载比如风和地震荷载的考虑。 Because of the nature of wind and the lack of better information，wind forces are considered to be statically applied to the structure．

因为风的特性和缺乏更好的信息，所以风力往往被考虑成静止地施加到结构上。 The manner of calculating the loads and location of lines of action on the building face are prescribed by local building codes．

计算荷载的模式和作用到建筑物表面的（荷载）路线的位置由当地的建筑规范规定。

On the other hand，earthquake motions are applied at the base of the building from the ground below and are considered to be a random-type loading．

另一方面，地震运动从地下施加到建筑物的基础上，被考虑成随机荷载。

The analysis for gravity and wind loads is performed by the application of the usual methods for linear-elastic statically determinate and indeterminate structures．

重力和风荷载的分析是应用线弹性静定和超静定结构的常规方法进行的。

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