专业外语分句翻译 土木工程专业英语翻译（武汉理工大学出版社段(3)

Karl Terzaghi of the United States pioneered studies that made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations, using the science of soil ，mechanics coupled with exploration and testing procedures.

美国的太沙基 运用土质学、力学、勘探和测试手段作出的最早研究让精确预测基础的行为成为可能。

Foundation failures of the past, such as the classical example of the leaning tower in Pisa, have become almost nonexistent.

过去基础的失事，比如经典的比萨斜塔，已经几乎不会再出现了。 Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many buildings. 基础仍然是许多建筑物隐蔽而昂贵的部分。

This text mainly introduced the components of a building. It includes load-carrying frame, skin, floors, mechanical and electrical systems. In addition, we also knew some knowledge about the design of a foundation.

这篇文章主要介绍了建筑物的组成部分，它包括承重框架、外墙、楼板、机械和电气系统。此外，我们也了解到了一些有关基础设计的知识。

Soil mechanics is concerned with the use of the laws of mechanics and hydraulics in engineering problems related to soils．

土力学是在与土壤有关的工程问题中涉及到力学和水力学原则运用的一门学科。 Soil is a natural aggregate of mineral grains，with or without organic constituents，formed by the chemical and mechanical weathering of rock．

土壤是矿物粒的一种自然集合体，有的有有机成份，有的没有，这是通过岩石的化学和物理风化作用形成的。

It consists of three phases：solid mineral matter，water，and air or other gas． 它由三部分组成：固体的矿物质，水和空气或其他气体。

Soils are extremely variable in composition，and it was this heterogeneity that long discouraged scientific studies of these deposits．

土壤在构成上是非常多变的，长期阻碍对这些堆积物的科学研究的就是这种多相性。

Gradually，the investigation of failures of retaining walls，foundations，embankments，pavements，and other structures resulted in a body of knowledge concerning the nature of soils and their behaviour sufficient to give rise to soil mechanics as a branch of engineering science．

渐渐地，对挡土墙、基础、堤坝、道路和其他结构物破坏的调查得到了大量的关于土壤性质和它们的性能的知识，这足够使得土力学作为一门工程科学的分支。

Little progress was made in dealing with soil problems on a scientific basis until the latter half of the 18th century，when the French physicist Charles-Augustine de Coulomb published his theory of earth pressure(1773)．

直到18世纪后半叶人们在科学的基础上处理土壤问题这方面才取得了一点进步，当时法国物理学家查理出版了他的土压力理论。(make progress in doing sth. 在哪方面取得进步)

In 1 857 the Scottish engineer William Rankine developed a theory of equilibrium of earth masses and applied it to some elementary problems of foundation engineering．

1857年，苏格兰工程师William Rankine发展了一种土块均衡理论并把它运用在了一些最初的基础工程问题中。

These two classical theories still form the basis of current methods of estimating earth pressure，even though they were based on the misconception that all soils lack cohesion，as does dry sand．

这两个典型的理论还形成了当前估算土压力的方法的基础，即使它们是建立在所有土壤都象干沙那样缺乏内聚力这种误解上

Twentieth-century advances have been in the direction of taking cohesion into account；understanding the basic physical properties of soils in general and of the plasticity of clay in particular；and systematically studying the shearing characteristics of soils--that is，their performance under conditions of sliding．

20世纪的进展已经向着这些方向发展了，那就是：考虑内聚力、大体上理解土壤的基本物理性能，尤其要理解粘土的可塑性、系统地研究土壤的剪切特征——也就是，它们在滑移条件下的性能。

Both Coulomb’s and Rankine’s theories assumed that the surface of rupture of soil subjected to a shearing force is a plane．

Coulomb和Rankine的理论都假定遭受到一个剪切力的土壤破裂表面是平面。 While this is a reasonable approximation for sand，cohesive soils tend to slip along a curved surface．

虽然这对于沙而言是一个合理的近似面，但有凝聚力的土壤往往沿着一个曲面滑动。

In the early 20th century，Swedish engineers proposed a circular arc as the surface of slip． 在20世纪早期，瑞典的工程师提出以一个圆弧作为滑动面。

During the last half century considerable progress has been made in the scientific study of soils and in the application of theory and experimental data to engineering design． 在过去的半个世纪中，人们已经在土壤的科学研究和理论运用以及工程设计的实验数据等方面取得了相当大的进步。

A significant advance was made by the German engineer Karl Terzaghi，who in 1925 published a mathematical investigation of the rate of consolidation of clays under applied pressures．

德国工程师Karl取得了重大进展，他在1925年发表了在施加压力的情况下粘土固结率数学研究成果。

His analysis，which was confirmed experimentally，explained the time lag of settlements on fully waterlogged clay deposits．

他的分析，是实验上证实了的，解释了被完全浸透水的粘土堆积的沉降延时。 Terzaghi coined the term soil mechanics in 1925 when he published the book Erdbaumechanik (“Earth-Building Mechanics”)．

Terzaghi在1925年当他出版“Earth-Building Mechanics”这本书的时候创造了土力学这个术语。

Research on subgrade materials，the natural foundation under pavements，was begun about 1920 by the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads．

对路基材料也就是道路下面的自然基础的调查是在大约1920年由美国公共道路局开始着手的。

Several simple tests were correlated with the properties of natural soils in relation

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