专业外语分句翻译 土木工程专业英语翻译（武汉理工大学出版社段(4)

首先，它们必须能在不永久变形的情况下承受荷载或重量。

When a load is applied to a structure member，it will deform；that is, a wire will stretch or a beam will bend．

当荷载被施加到结构构件上时，构件将产生变形，即，钢丝将拉伸而梁将弯曲。 However，when the load is removed, the wire and the beam come back to the original positions．

然而，当荷载移除时，钢丝和梁都将恢复原来的状态。 This material property is called elasticity. 这种特性就被称为弹性。

If a material were not elastic and a deformation were present in the structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless.

如果材料不是弹性的，结构中的变形在荷载移除后仍然存在，那么重复加载和卸载将最终使变形增加到结构不能使用的程度。

All materials used in architectural structures，such as stone and brick, wood, steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete，and plastics，behave elastically within a certain defined range of loading.

在建筑结构中使用的所有材料，如石头和砖、木材、钢材、铝材、钢筋混凝土和塑料等，在某个有限的荷载范围内均表现出弹性。 If the loading is increased above the range，two types of behavior can occur：brittle and plastic. In the former, the material will break suddenly．

如果荷载增加到超过了这个范围，那么可能表现出两种特性：脆性和塑性。在前者中，材料将突然破裂。

Masonry consists of natural materials，such as stone，or manufactured products，such as brick and concrete blocks.

圬工包括天然材料，如石头，或者制成品，如砖和混凝土块。

Masonry has been used since ancient times；mud bricks were used in the city of Babylon for secular buildings，and stone was used for the great temples of the Nile Valley． 圬工从古代就开始被使用了；泥砖被用在巴比伦城市的非宗教建筑物中，石头被用在尼罗河流域的大寺庙中。

The Great Pyramid in Egypt, standing 481 feet(147 meters)high，is the most spectacular masonry construction．

埃及的大金字塔，高147m，是最壮观的圬工建筑。

Masonry units originally were stacked without using any bonding agent，but all modern masonry construction uses a cement mortar as a bonding material．

圬工单元最初是没有使用任何粘结剂而堆积在一起的，但是所有的现代圬工建筑都使用了水泥砂浆作为粘合材料。

Modern structural materials include stone，bricks of burnt clay or slate，and concrete blocks．

现代建筑材料包括石头，烧结粘土砖或板岩，以及混凝土砌块。

Masonry is essentially a compressive material；it cannot withstand a tensile force，that is，a pull．

圬工实质上是一种抗压材料；它不能承担拉力。

The ultimate compressive strength of bonded masonry depends on the strength of

the masonry unit and the mortar．

砌合的圬工材料的极限抗压强度取决于圬工单元和砂浆的强度。

The ultimate strength will vary from 1,000 to 4,000 psi(70 to 280 kg／sq cm)，depending on the particular combination of masonry unit and mortar used．

极限强度将在1000到4000psi之间变化，这取决于圬工单元和所使用的砂浆的特定组合。

Timber is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few natural materials with good tensile properties.

木材是最早的建筑材料之一，是为数不多的具有好的抗拉特性的天然材料之一。 Hundreds of different species of wood are found throughout the world，and each species exhibits different physical characteristics．

世界各地可以发现成百上千个不同品种的木材，每一个品种都表现出不同的物理特征。

Only a few species are used structurally as framing members in building construction.

只有少数的种类在建筑施工中作为框架构件在结构中使用。

In the United States，for instance，out of more than 600 species of wood, only 20 species are used structurally．

比如，在美国，在超过600个木材品种中，只有20种在结构中使用。 These are generally the conifers，or softwoods，both because of their abundance and because of the ease with which their wood can be shaped．

这些通常是针叶松，或软木，是因为它们产量丰富并容易成型。

The species of timber more commonly used in the United States for construction are Douglas fir，Southern pine，spruce，and redwood.

在美国更通常被用于建筑的木材品种是美国松，南方松，云杉和红木。

The ultimate tensile strength of these species varies from 5,000 to 8,000 psi(350 to 560 kg／sq cm).

这些品种的极限抗拉强度从5000变化到8000psi。

Hardwoods are used primarily for cabinetwork and for interior finishes such as floors．

硬木最初是被用作细木家具和内部的成品，比如地板。 Because of the cellular nature of wood，it is stronger along the grain than across the grain．

因为木材多孔的特征，它沿纹理方向的强度比跨纹理方向的强度要大。 Wood is particularly strong in tension and compression parallel to the grain，and it has great bending strength．

木材在平行于纹理方向的抗拉和抗压能力都特别强，它还有很大的抗弯强度。 These properties make it ideally suited for columns and beams in structures． 这些特性使它在结构中非常理想地适用于梁和柱。

Wood is not effectively used as a tensile member in a truss, however, because the tensile strength of a truss member depends upon connections between members．

然而，木材却不能被有效地用作桁架中的抗拉构件，因为桁架构件的抗拉强度取决于构件之间的连接。

It is difficult to devise connections which do not depend on the shear or tearing

strength along the grain, although numerous metal connectors have been produced to utilize the tensile strength of timbers．

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