专业外语分句翻译 土木工程专业英语翻译（武汉理工大学出版社段

Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。

Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．

土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。

They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use．

他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管线、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。 In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns，and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities．

此外，土木工程师规划、设计和修建整个城市和乡镇，最近已经开始规划和设计空间站以容纳独立的（科研）团体。

The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen．

“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。

In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time．

1782年，英国人John Smeaton 用这个术语来区分他的非军事工程项目和当时占统治地位的军事工程师的工程项目。

Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much broader．

从那以后，土木工程这个术语已经被用来指那些修建公共设施的工程师们，尽管这个领域比以前更广。

Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties． 因为土木工程的范围太广，所以它被细分为许多技术专业。

Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed．

根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师专家的各种技能。

When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement--water，sewer，and power lines．

当一项工程开始时，土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图，他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置。

Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project．

岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否能承受这项工程的重量。

Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air

and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．

环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。

Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project．

运输专家要确定需用什么类型的设施来减轻由完工的工程产生的荷载对当地道路和其他运输网带来的压力。

Meanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，and specifications for the project．

同时，结构专家用初始资料来做工程的详细设计，规划和说明书。

Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists，from beginning to end of the project，are the construction management specialists．

从工程开始到结束，施工管理专家监督和协调这些土木工程专家们工作。

Based on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job，hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified．

根据其他专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的数量和成本，安排所有的工作，订购工作所需的材料和设备，雇承包商和转包人，以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。

Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computers． 对于任何给定的工程，土木工程师都能广泛地利用计算机。

Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it．

计算机被用来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。

Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project．

计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。

In this speciality，civil engineers plan and design structures of all types，including bridges，dams，power plants，supports for equipment，special structures for offshore projects，the United States space program，transmission towers，giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects．

在这个专业里面，土木工程师规划和设计所有类型的结构，包括桥梁、大坝、电站、设备的支撑、近海工程的特殊结构、美国的太空计划、发射塔、巨型天文望远镜和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他工程。