the english note of Book 4 of Republic Plato(4)

437a

5. hypothesize v. assume

7. invalidate v. to prove that sth is wrong or cause it to be wrong

437b

1. dissent n. strong disagreement or dissatisfaction with a decision or opinion, especially one that is supported by most people or by people in authority

3. mutual adj. directed by each toward the other or the others

437c

5. strive v. to make a great effort to do or get sth

attainment n. the achieving of sth especially about skills or learning

437d

3. conspicuous adj. obvious to the eyes or mind

439b

1. impel v. to urge or drive forward : force

4. beast n. large, dangerous, or unusual animals

439e

9. corpse n. dead body （声明一下：不是僵尸是死尸）

executioner n. a person who has the job of executing criminals

execute v. to kill someone as a punishment for a serious crime

440a

2. wretch n. wicked or unfortunate man

440b

1. reproach v. to express disappointment in or displeasure with (a person) for conduct that is blameworthy or in need of amendment

440c

4. arouse v. to cause people to have a particular reaction or attitude

7. harsh adj. rough

9. imposition n. something imposed as an excessive or uncalled-for requirement or burden

impose v. force people to accept sth

440d

1.cease v. stop happening or existing

2. shepherd n. a person, especially a man, whose job is to look after sheep

5. obedient adj. submissive to the restraint or command of authority(当局，权力) : willing to obey

441a

1. deliberative adj. having power or the right to make important decisions and considerations

441c

1. rebuke v. speak severely to someone because they have said or done something that you do not approve of

441d

2. pertain v. relate, belong, or apply to sth

441e

8. concordant adj. in agreement : having the same characteristics

442a

7. insatiable adj. always wanting more : not able to be satisfied

442d

7. blur v. to make (something) unclear or difficult to see or remember

443a

8. adultery n. voluntary sexual intercourse（交流，性交） between a married man and someone other than his wife or between a married woman and someone other than her husband

443d

6. octave n. a series of eight notes in a musical scale. It is also used to talk about the difference in pitch between the first and last notes in a musical scale (八度音阶)

444b

1.faction n. a group within a larger group that has different ideas and opinions than the rest of the group

5. disorder n. violence or rioting in public

6. licentiousness n. immoral sexual behaviors

444c

8. engender v. cause sth to occur

445a

3. penalty n. a punishment that someone is given for doing something which is against a law or rule

445b

4. turmoil n. a state of confusion, disorder, uncertainty, or great anxiety

6. clarity n. the quality of being well explained and easy to understand

445c

3. vantage n. a position giving a strategic advantage, commanding perspective, or comprehensive view

445d

6. aristocracy n. the highest social class in some countries : the people who have special titles (such as duke and duchess ), who typically own land, and who traditionally have more

疑难未解之处(未完，有多处正思考中，由于没带中文版，比较纠结 )

429b 5 S : Because, I take it, whether the others are courageous or cowardly doesn’t 429b 10&429c 8 433d 5 S : it seems, then, that this power----which consists in everyone’s doing his own ’s virtue.

440d S : And it even if it suffers hunger, cold, and every imposition of that sort, doesn’t it stand firm and win out over them, not ceasing its noble efforts until it achieves its purpose, or die, or like a dog is called back by the reason alongside it and becomes gentle?