2011届中考英语专题复习十五：阅读理解的考点讲解和训练(2)

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导读：中考英语知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种： (1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如：甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B: A bag

中考英语

知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：

(1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如：甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B:

A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

短文后面有一个理解题目：

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________.

A. makes everyone know a secret

B. the woman bout a cat

C. buys a cat in the bag

D. sells the cat in the bag

在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。

(2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料A。其中

第三段是这样的：

As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

文章后面有这样一道题：

53. In the text, “” means “___________”.

A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly

根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。

(3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如：福州市2004年中考英语试题的阅读材料B。 There is a place on our earth where hot water and large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

101. What does the word “

A. 自来水B. 大气C. 冰川D. 蒸汽

从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。

(4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料C:

Watching some children trying to catch butterflies one August afternoon, I was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. When I was a boy of twelve in South Carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子).

We lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at dusk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. There isn’t a musical instrument made by man that can produce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird.

I decided that I would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, I would have my own private musician.

I finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. At first, being scared, the bird fluttered(扑腾) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. I felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician.

中考英语

On the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. The baby bird ate everything she brought to it. I was pleased to see this. Certainly the mother knew better than I how to feed her baby.

The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so I thought.

Arthur Wayne, the famous hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

Never since then have I caught any living creature and put it in a cage. All living creatures have a right to live free.

60. An 

A. studies birds

B. loves creatures

C. majors in habits

D. takes care of trees 这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视A。

除了前面提到的方法以外，还有下面一些方法：

(5)根据同义、反义关系猜测词义。

(6)根据因果关系猜测词义。

3．如何确定细节和事实？

在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。请看2003年陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解题第48小题：

What do plants make food from? They make food from _______.

A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and air

B. water, sunlight and things in the soil

C. water and things in the soil and air

D. water, sunlight and things in the soil

这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.

4．如何进行推断？

所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。

中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：

中考英语

（1）事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。

According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?

A. You often play football with your friends after school.

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