胡壮麟语言学名词解释(2)

37. inflection:

the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

38. affix:

the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation:

different from compounds, derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.

40. root:

the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.

41. allomorph:

any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural

mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats, as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes. So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

42. Stem:

any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

43. bound morpheme:

an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖.

44. free morpheme:

an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.

45. lexeme:

A separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word(e.g.‖dog in the manger‖)

46. lexicon:

a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.

47. grammatical word:

word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.

48. lexical word:

word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.

49. open-class:

a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.

50. blending:

a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

51. loanvoord:

a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.

52. loanblend:

a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.

53. leanshift:

a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.

54. acronym:

is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.

55. loss:

the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.

56. back-formation:

an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

57. assimilation:

the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.‖"tact‖or‖contiguous‖assimilation.

58. dissimilation: the influence exercised. By one sound segment upon the

articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.

59. folk etymology:

a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous

60. category:

parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.

61. concord:

also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.

63. paradigmatic relation:

a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.

64. immediate constituent analysis:

the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

65. endocentric construction:

one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.

66. exocentric construction:

a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.

67. deep structure:

the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the

underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.

68. surfacte structure:

the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.

69. c-command:

one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command, c-command for short.

70. government and binding theory:

it is the fourth period of deve …… 此处隐藏：5539字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……