新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 9 Language and culture

Chapter 9 Language and culture语言与文化

知识点：

1. *Definition: culture; cultural diffusion

2. The relationship between language and culture

3. # Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

4. *Linguistic evidence of cultural differences

5. Cultural overlap and diffusion

考核目标：

识记：Definition: culture; cultural diffusion

领会：Cultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic evidence of cultural differences

简单应用：The relationship between language and culture

一、 定义

1.Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。

2.Cultural diffusion文化扩散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。

二、 知识点

9.2 what is culture?

Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。 Two types of culture:

1. material culture物质文化： is concrete, substantial and observable.具体的，实质的，可观察到的（e.g.意识文化、信念、价值观，时空概念）

2. spiritual culture精神文化：is abstract, implicit, and hidden. 抽象的，多义的，不可见的。

9.3 the relationship between language and culture语言与文化的关系

1. language is a part of culture

2. language is the primary means for cultural transmission 文化传播

3. some linguistic differences are due to cultural differences

4. Various cultures will have different responses反映 to the same word.

The one hand, language is an integral part of human being permeates his thinking and way of viewing world. On the other, language, as a system of spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other, reflects and affects a culture’s way of thinking and helps perpetuate and change the culture and its influence, which also facilitates the developments of this language at the same time.一方面，语言作为人类密不可分的一部分，渗入了他的思想和世界观，既表达了文化现实，也体现了文化现实。在另一方面，语言作为文化的产物，也有助于文化的恒定，而且，语言运用中的变体也反过来反映了文化的变化。

9.4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫假说

1.linguistic relativity语言相对论：Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf,

proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave, i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity. 爱德华萨丕尔和本杰明·沃尔夫,声称，人们习惯性地运用的语言结构影响的他们的思考和行为方式,即不同的语言给人们提供不同的方式表达他们周围的世界,他们以不同的方式思考和说话,这也被称为语言相对论。

2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）萨皮尔沃尔夫假说：Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）. 萨丕尔和沃尔夫认为,语言渗入了人们的感知和他们对经验的方式分类之中。语言和思想的这种相互依赖性是现在被称为萨皮尔沃尔夫假说。

对这种假说的理解分为2种方式：Strong version & weak version

1）Strong version强版 (Linguistic determinism) believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; (语言决定论)认为,语言模式决定人们的思想和行为

2）Weak version弱版 (Linguistic relativity) holds that the former influence the latter. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around. (语言相对论)认为,前者影响后者(即人们的思想行为决定语言模式)。不同语言的人们提供不同的方式表达周围的世界。（更多支持弱版）

P329例子

----The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights语言相对论或SWH的研究让我们获得了两个重要的领悟:

★There is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural

preoccupations and constrains the way people think.现在。人们承认语言作为代码,反映了文化先质和语言限制了人们的思考方式。

★ More than in Whorf’s days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language. 不过，与沃尔夫那个时代不同,我们认识到语境在补足编码与语言中的意义方面是多么重要。

9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences文化差异的言语证据

1. greeting and terms of address问候语和称呼语

2. gratitude and compliments感激与称赞

3. color words颜色词

4. privacy and taboos隐私与禁忌

5. roundinf off nunbers数字处理

6. words and cultural-specific connotations词及文化特有的暗涵

7. cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors与文化相关的习语、谚语和隐喻

9.6 Culture contact, cultural overlap and diffusion

文化接触，文化重叠与扩散

1. three forms of Culture contact文化接触的三种形式：

1）acculturation 文化适应、移入

2）assimilation 同化

3）amalgamation 联合

2.cultural overlap文化重叠: despite the the cultural difference, there exist a greater or lesser degree of cultural overlap between to societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human being.尽管存在这些文化差异，由于在自然环境和人的心理上的某些相似之处，在两个社会之间存在着程度上或大或小的文化重叠。

3.Cultural diffusion文化扩散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。（典型例子：外来词loan words的出现）

Loan words in Chinese and English. …… 此处隐藏：4130字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……