2019年福建师范大学外国语学院826英语综合之语言学教程考研仿真(2)

13．How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?

（a ）The television drank my water.

（b ）His dog writes poetry.

【答案】（a ） The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings , therefore , it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as （+ANIMATE ） , however , the word television , which is in position of subject , has an opposite feature :（-ANIMATE ） . That?s why such a collocation results in oddness.

（b ） The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do , therefore , the subject is required to have a semantic feature as （+HUMAN ） ; however , the word dog in the subject position is featured as （-HUMAN ） . Therefore , the sentence is odd.

14．What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?

【答案】 Image schema is a recurring , dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.

Image schema exists at a level of abstraction , operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image , and it can be subdivided into the following items : a center-periphery schema , a continent schema ，a cycle schema ，a force schema ，a link schema ，a part-whole schema ，a path schema ，a scale schema and a vertical schema.

15．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?

【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas , signs must be part of a system of signs , called conventions.

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第 5 页，共 49 页 He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.

By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language , Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign , on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

16．Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?

【答案】

Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another.

There are no real synonyms , because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects :

① in shade of meaning （finish , complete , close , conclude ）;

② in stylistic meaning （buy , purchase ）;

③ in emotive （ or affective ） meaning （economical , stingy ）;

④ in range of use or collocative meaning （accuse , charge ）;

⑤ in British and American English usages （autumn , fall ）.

For example , they may differ in style. In the context “Little Tom_____a toy bear”，here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.

三、Essay-question

17．What is communicative competence?

【答案】 Communicative competence includes :

（1）Knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language ;

（2）knowledge of rules of speaking （e.g. knowing how to begin and end conversations , knowing what topics may be talked about in different types of speech events , knowing which address forms should be used with different persons one speaks to and in different situations ）;

（3）knowing how to use and respond to different types of speech acts , such as requests , apologies , thanks , and invitations ;

（4）knowing how to use language appropriately.

When someone wishes to communicate with others , they must recognize the social setting , their relationship to the other person （s ） , and the types of language that can be used for a particular occasion. They must also be able to interpret written or spoken sentences within the total context in which they are used , or marked expression without reason ; on the hearer?s side , if the speaker used a prolix or marked expression , he did not mean the same as he would have had he used the unmarked expression. That is to say , in the normal situation , in a bus stop as the example above has shown , the intention of that the speaker asks others whether they wear the watch or not is not merely to care about the recipient has a watch or not , but has some other reason , because it would be bizarre to ask a stranger in the bus stop about such a personal staff.

Therefore , the hearer has to assume that the expression is related to the situation , and this expression is not what it literally means. Following this , the hearer reaches a connection between the

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第 6 页，共 49 页 bus stop and the watch , which is the time. As a consequence , he knows what the speaker intends is the inquiring of the time.

18．The roles of Transformational-Generative linguistics and Functional linguistics in language teaching and learning.

【答案】 （1） In the framework of Transformational-Generative linguistics , language is not learnt by innate. While

acquiring his mother tongue , he compares his innate language system with that of his native language and modifies his grammar. Therefore , language learning is an activity of building and testing hypothesis.

Although the influence of such a formal and abstract grammar remains limited in the field of language education , there are still various attempts to apply TG grammar to language teaching. In designing teaching materials , for example , sentence patterns with the same deep struct …… 此处隐藏：5966字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……