第四课(耶鲁大学-心理学导论讲稿)

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》 讲稿 第四课

I actually want to begin by going back to Freud and hitting a couple of loose ends. There was a point in my lecture on Wednesday where I skipped over some parts. I said, "We don't have time for this" and I just whipped past it. And I couldn't sleep over the weekend. I've been tormented. I shouldn't have skipped that and I want to hit--Let me tell you why I skipped it. The discussion I skipped was the discussion of why we would have an unconscious at all. So, I was talking about the scientifically respectable ideas of Freud and I want to talk about some new ideas about why there could be an unconscious.

Now, the reason why I skipped it is I'm not sure this is the best way to look at the question. As we will learn throughout the course, by far the vast majority of what our brains do, the vast majority of what our minds to quickly share them with you.

some psychologists and biologists have given is deception. So, most And responding to something that's false.

capture other fish 鈥 present ourselves to other so as maximally positive impression even when that impression isn't true.

At the same time, though, also evolved very good lie detection mechanisms. So not only is there with. I become a good liar? And here's where the unconscious comes in. The And, finally frustrated, Hitchcock went to the actor, leaned over, whispered in his ear, "Your parents have left you and they're never coming back." The kid burst into tears. Hitchcock said, "Roll 鈥榚m" and filmed the kid. And the kid, if you were to see him, you'd say, "That's--Boy, he's--he really looks as if he's sad" because he was. If I had a competition where I'd give $100,000 to the person who looks the most as if they are in pain, it is a very good tactic to take a pen and jam it into your groin because you will look extremely persuasively as if you are in pain. If I want to persuade you that I love you, would never leave you, you can trust me with everything, it may be a superb tactic for me to believe it. And so, this account of the evolution of the unconscious is that certain motivations and goals, particularly sinister ones, are better made to be

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》 讲稿 第四课

unconscious because if a person doesn't know they have them they will not give them away. And this is something I think we should return to later on when we talk about social interaction and social relationships. One other thing on Freud--just a story of the falsification of Freud. I was taking my younger child home from a play date on Sunday and he asked me out of the blue, "Why can't you marry your mother or your father?" Now, that's actually a difficult question to ask--to answer for a child, but I tried my best to give him an answer. And then I said--then I thought back on the Freud lecture and so I asked him, "If you could marry anybody you want, who would it be?" imagining he'd make explicit the Oedipal complex and name his mother. Instead, he paused for a moment and said, "I would marry a donkey and a big bag of peanuts."

around with us. [laughter]

drew upon all sorts of sources and predecessors but psychoanalysis is creation. Behaviorism is different. Behaviorism is a school of thought that before Skinner, shows. His books were bestsellers.

result of experience. There's no people are infinitely malleable. There's a artist, merchant, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,

Now, could see in this a tremendous appeal to this view because Watson has an None of those facts about people will ever make any difference. What matters to what you are is what you learn and how you're treated. And so, Watson claimed he could create anybody in any way simply by treating them in a certain fashion.

A second aspect of behaviorism was anti-mentalism. And what I mean by this is the behaviorists were obsessed with the idea of doing science and they felt, largely in reaction to Freud, that claims about internal mental states like desires, wishes, goals, emotions and so on, are unscientific. These invisible, vague things can never form the basis of a serious science. And so, the behaviorist manifesto would then be to

耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》 讲稿 第四课

develop a science without anything that's unobservable and instead use notions like stimulus and response and reinforcement and punishment and environment that refer to real world and tangible events.

Finally, behaviorists believed there were no interesting differences across species. A behaviorist might admit that a human can do things that a rat or pigeon couldn't but a behaviorist might just say, "Look. Those are just general associative powers that differ" or they may even deny it. They might say, "Humans and rats aren't different at all. It's just humans tend to live in a richer environment than rats." From that standpoint, from that theoretical standpoint, comes a methodological approach which is, if they're all the same then you could study human learning by studying nonhuman animals. And that's a lot of what they did. as a decline in the tendency to respond to stimuli that are familiar due "Hey!"

keep--[laughter]

clock ticking] And that's not to things. And it's actually events and objects. It's to when it's new because then you have to decide fact, you should stop noticing it after in the environment for long enough. So, this counts as of thinking also, it's useful because harmful stimuli are noticed but when The is important for many reasons. One thing it's important for is clever learning of an association between one stimulus and another stimulus, where stimulus is a technical term meaning events in the environment like a certain smell or sound or sight. It was thought up by Pavlov. This is …… 此处隐藏：6452字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……