美国创伤中心的发展(3)

NumberMay2004

422specifictothetreatmentofpatientswithtraumawouldberecognized.Animportantpartoftheresourceassessmentofagiveninstitutionistheinternaldisasterplan.Beforeanycatastrophicevent,theresponsivenessanddepthofeachhealthcarefacilityinagivenregionwouldbeestab-lishedclearly;(2)Regularlyscheduledsiteevaluationsensurethatestablishedstandardsaremetbyalldesignatedtraumacentersinaregionalsystem(theaccreditationpro-cess);(3)ActiveinvolvementofallEMScomponents(po-lice,fire,basiclifesupportandadvancedlifesupport)withoversightbytheleadorganizationwouldprovideanorga-nizedapproachintheprehospitalphaseofcare.Suchanapproachwouldincludeadisasterplanthatisreviewedonaregularbasis;(4)Anestablishedsetoffieldtriagecri-teriawouldaimtomatchinjuryseveritywiththeappro-priateresources.Therefore,especiallyinthemasscasualtyscenario,tertiarytraumacarecenters(LevelsIandII)arenotinundatedwithminimallyinjuredpatientswhocouldbetreatedsafelyatLevelIIIorLevelIVtraumacentersoracommunityhospitalwithintheregion;(5)Continuousadministrativeoversightestablishedtodoregularneedsassessmentoftheregion,ensurequalityimprovement,andidentifyareasforeducationatalllevels;(6)Communica-tionofthehighestlevelbetweenallcomponents(prehos-pital,intrafacility)withpredeterminedlinkstoprovideim-mediateavailabilityofthenecessaryresourcesand,whennecessary,interfacilitytransfer.

Unfortunately,regionaltraumasystemsarenotavail-ableuniversally.Althoughmorepopulation-denseareasusuallyhavesomeversionofatraumasysteminplace,approximately40%oftheUnitedStatespopulationlivesinstateswithoutatraumasystem.14Moreover,manyex-istingsystemslackessentialcomponentsasoutlinedintheModelTraumaCareSystemPlan.Manysystemsarenottrulyinclusive.Asaresult,thereisnodefinedroleforthenondesignatedhospital,particularlyduringregionaldisas-terormasscasualtysituations.Intrafacilityandregionaldisasterplansareessentialtooptimizetreatmentinthefaceoflargescalecasualties.8Aneffectiveregionaltraumasystemlogicallyfacilitatesallaspectsofdisasterplanningandworkstooptimizepatientcareduringextremesitua-tions.

Comparedwithmanyoftheclinicaladvancementsintraumacare,traumasystemdevelopmentisarelativelynewconcept.Traumasystemshavetheirrootsinmilitarymedicine,whereitwasrecognizedthatoutcomescouldbeimprovedbydevisingmethodstoreducethetimetode-finitivecare.Basedonthemilitarymodel,civiliantraumacentersbegantoevolveinthe1970s.Thesuccessofor-ganizedtraumacarewithrespecttopatientoutcomehasbeenshown.Apopulation-basedstudyreporteda9%re-ductionincrudemortalityrateforstateswithtrauma

TraumaSystemDevelopmentinNorthAmerica21

systems.14Basedonthisstatistic,moreuniversalavail-abilityoftraumasystemswouldresultinthousandsoflivessaved.

Asintimeofwar,asystemsapproachtotraumacareideallyissuitedtothecivilianmasscasualtyscenario.Unfortunately,therearemanyobstaclestofulldevelop-mentoftraumasystemsintheUnitedStates.Individualtraumacentersrequireextensivecommitmentofmaterialandpersonnelresourcesandmanyhospitalsarenotwillingtoriskfiscalshortfalls.Insomestates,thecostofmedicalmalpracticeinsurancehaslimitedtheavailabilityofsub-specialistsnecessarytomaintaintraumacenteraccredita-tion.Thepoliticalimplicationsoftraumacenterdesigna-tionalsoremainasignificantissue;theeffectonnondes-ignatedhospitalsisusedfrequentlytolimitexpansionoftraumasystems.

Traumasystemdevelopmentmustbeencouragedtoensureastateofpreparedness.Now,morethanever,gov-ernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectorshouldfacilitatemovementtowardaModelTraumaCareSystem.Re-cently,theNationalTraumaStakeholders(NTS)groupwasestablishedtoadviseandprovidecounseltotheDe-partmentofHealthandHumanServices.Hopefully,theinfluenceofgroupsliketheNTScangeneratearenewedsenseofenthusiasmabouttraumasystemsdevelopmentforthesakeofthecitizens.References

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5.BoydDR,CowleyRA:Comprehensiveregionaltrauma/emergencymedicalservices(EMS)systems:TheUnitedStatesexperience.WorldJSurg7:149–157,1983.

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8.Feeney:ParekhP,BlumenthalJ,etal:September11,2001:Atestofpreparednessandspirit.BullAmCollSurg87:12–17,2002.9.HedgesJR,MullinsRJ,Zimmer-GembeckM,etal:OregonTraumaSystem:Changeininitialadmissionsiteandpost-admissiontransferofinjuredpatients.AcadEmergMed1:218–226,1994.

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fataltrafficaccidents.SurgGynecolObstet119:586–590,1964.16.RootGT,ChristensenBH:Earlysurgicaltreatmentofabdominal

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