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学术英语第三章

Early Human Development

学术英语第三章

This unit we will learn the early human developement Text 3-1Interaction Between Nature and Nuture

Text 3-2 Capacities of the Newborn

Text 3-3

Hearing, Taste and Smell

学术英语第三章

The following is the first sentence of a text about nature and nurture: The question of whether heredity (“nature”) or envinronment (“nurture”) is more important in determining the course of human development has been debated through through the centuries.

How much do you already know about this topic?a) Nothing b) A little c) Quite a lot d) A lot Which do you think is more important in determining the course of human development? Choose one of the following answers:

a) Nature is the most importantb) Nurture is the most important c) Nature and nurture are equally important

d) I’m not sure

学术英语第三章

A nature B nuture

1.a baby before it is born 2.the effect of one thing on another

C sensesD malleable E heredity F personality traits G environment H genetic I innate J biological K ovum L fetus M German measles N maternal O interaction P to practise Q to accelerate R neurological S to rear T verbal

3.an infectious illness4.egg 5.to get faster 6.inborn,already present at the time of birth 7.inheriting characteristics from previous generation 8.natural processes 9.permanent characteristics of somebody’s behavior 10.processes caused by surroundings 11.related to brain processes 12.related to language,especially when it is spoken 13.related to the mother 14.relating to the information that is code in the cells of the body 15.to repeat a skill to improve it 16.sight,taste,touch,etc 17.surroundings 18.to bring up or educate (children) 19.to do with the physical processes of living things 20.very flexible and changeable

学术英语第三章

Read the names and terms in the box below:John Locke Darwin modern psychologists Skinner&Watson

2.1 Read paragraphs A-C of the text. Which of the people named above are connected with the following ideas? Some ideas may relate to more than one of them. a) A scientific explanation that supported the view that nature was more important than nurture in human development. b) Human development is determined entirely by experience c) Human development can be easily influenced or change d) Both hereditary and environmental factors are important in human development

学术英语第三章

Translation遗传和环境对决定人类发展的过程中何者更重要的问题一直被讨论了几个世纪。 比如，17世纪的英国哲学家John Lock就反对他那个时代关于孩子的最盛行的观念， 也就是孩子一生下来就是一个小大人，带着能力和知识，而成长就是让这些遗传的特 点显现。与此相反，Locke相信每一个新生儿都是一张白纸，而白纸上的东西将会是 孩子的经历，他的所见、所听、所尝、所闻以及所感。按照Locke所说，我们所有的 知识来自我们的感觉，它是由经验提供的，而不是与生俱来的。 1859年达尔文进化论的出

现，强调了人类发展的生物基础，引导了遗传观点的 回归。20世纪时，随着行为主义观念的增长，环境影响主义论者又占据了主导地位。 就如John B.Watson和B.F.Skinner这样的行为主义学家曾争论道人的天性完全是可塑 的：早期的训练能让孩子转变成如何一种成人，不管他的遗传如何。Watson曾经很极 端的说过：“只要给我一打身体健康的幼儿，然后在我自己特殊的世界里抚养他们， 我可以担保随便从他们中挑一个然后训练成我所要的类型中的专家，如医生，律师， 艺术家，工程师当然还有乞讨者和小偷，不管他的天赋，嗜好，倾向，能力，才能以 及他祖先的家族。 当今的大部分的心理学家赞同先天和后天都起了一个很重要的作用，并且他们 的相互作用持续不断地引导成长，就如，我们在12章里所见的，很多个人品质的发展 如社会交际能力和情感表达能力都是被遗传和环境同时影响着。类似的，我们可以在 15章中看见，生理的疾病是由基因和环境共同造成的

学术英语第三章

Read the remaining paragraphs of the text (paragraphs D-H). Which paragraph talks about the following a) b) c) d) e) The unchanging stages in the learning of motor skills. Nature’s role in shaping certain basic physical features. The development of language skills The effect of environmental factors such as illness or the habits of the mother on natural human development. The effects of training on motor skills

学术英语第三章

Main idea of D-HDevelopment that seems most obviously to be determined by innate biological timetables can be affect by environmental events. A remarkable number of person characteristics are already determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. And the effect of environmental factors such as illness or the habits of mother on the normal maturation of the fetus. And motor development and speech development illustrate the interaction among genetically determined characteristics, experience and environmental influence. What’s more. The training of motor skills is helpful for infants

学术英语第三章

D-H段落的大概意思

幼儿的发展似乎最明显由天生的生物时刻表 决定的但其同时也受环境的影响。大部分人 的特征早就已经被卵子的基因所决定了。然 而环境的影响也是不可忽略的。母亲的疾病 和坏习惯就对幼儿的发展有影响。而且运动 发育和语言能力的发展也说明了基因、环境 和经历之间的相互联系。并且一定量的训练 也有助于运动功能的发展。

学术英语第三章

Read the whole text again and choose the time periods from the box that correspond to the ideas below.

17th century 1930s

19th century second half of 20th century

a)Children’s development can be completely shaped by training.b) If children are given practical encouragement ,they will learn to walk more quickly c) Human development only occurs after

birth

学术英语第三章

d) The hereditary view supports the biological theory e) Encouragement from people can speed up children’s development of speech f) Children have inherited characteristics which develop naturally after birth, but are not influenced by the environment. g) Environmental factors can affect human deve …… 此处隐藏：4009字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……