初中英语零基础学语法--英语句子结构

英语句子结构 基本成分 简单句

附属成分 独立成分 省略成分

并列句 复合句

连接成分

简单句的五种基本句型 主语 + 系动词 + 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语 + 不及物动词 ( S + Vi ) 主语 + 及物动词 +宾语 ( S + Vt + O)

主语+动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 + 动词 +宾语 +补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) 主语、动词(不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾 语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分， 至多4个基本成分。

Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive Vi宾语noun 谓 宾语(直) 宾语(间) adj. / adv. Vt 语 宾语 宾补 infinitive V-ing 表语 系动词 V-ed noun etc. Noun / Pronoun pronoun The + adj adj. / adv. be / feel / seem / look V-ing infinitive appear / stand / lie V-ing / V-ed become /get / grow / turn clause go / come / remain/ keep etc. taste / smell etc.

主 语

简单句基本句型实例1、主语 + 系动词 + 表语(主语补语) She is happy.2、主语 + 不及物动词 She came./ My head aches. 3、主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 She likes English. 4、主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 She bought John a book./She bought a book for John. 5、主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 补语 She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me to read the passage.

There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。 2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也 不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语 (某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名 词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 ② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室 里有一位老师和许多学生。 ③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一 个女孩。

认识补语1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 2.名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容词 I found the classroom empty. 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water.

附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。 定 语

Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby. She likes oranges importe

d from the USA. John gave Mary many books,which are full of illustrations. Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.

状 语John often came to chat with me.John likes oranges very much. Whenever he gets drunk,John makes Mary very angry.

Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. You’d better stay here.

独立成分句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的 其他词没有语法的关系。

Examples:

Oh!What is that!(惊叹词) He has,alas,failed again. (哎呀,唉)

Come here,John.(呼语)Roll on,Ocean,roll on.(流动啊，海洋，流动 )

省略成分句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示 一定的意思：(You) Come here. (I wish you)Good luck!Some gave him praises,but others(gave him)rotten eggs. He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.

连接成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、 短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。

He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. I used to live in Paris and London.另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另 一个句子(即从句)的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连 词主要用于引导各种从句。

He said that he did not want to go . You may come if you want to.一个完整的句子(主句或从句)必须包含2个到4个基本成分， 此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子 成分。

There be 结构1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。 2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也 不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语 (某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名 词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 ② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室 里有一位老师和许多学生。 ③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一 个女孩。

总结： 句子必须主谓俱备 一般情况下主在谓前

表语定在系动词后宾语有双宾结构和复合结构(宾补),宾补肯定在宾语后 定语不一定在它修饰的词前面

状语最灵活，功能最为强大除了谓语、宾补之外，其它都可以由从句充当

简

单句只有一个限定动词(即只有一个主谓结 构),它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种 作用中的一种。 作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹 Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow train this is!

简单句的基本词序主语 动词部分 (谓语) I The children bought a hat ran angrily. our meal suddenly. confidently in the room. in a police car. in silence. 宾语 方式 状语 地点 时间

yesterday. home.

The taxi driver shouted at me We The car stopped A young girl walked They drove him away ate

简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语(如定语)来扩展，及物动词或不及物动 词也可以与其它短语(如状语)连用进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock.

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