英语科技文章写作中的常见问题(3)

(let’s)say 譬如说

as it stands 按实际情况来说

(what is )more (or very)important 更（十分）重要的是

例：

Heat, you know, is the kinetic energy of molecule.

As a result the structure of the metal becomes more resilient, more flexible and—what is very important— machinable .

7.5承接语

承接语表示句子之间逻辑上的联系，起承上启下的作用。承接语不修饰句子中的任何成分。

（1） 表示顺序或总结的承接语

First(ly); second(ly); third(ly) ... 第一，第二，第三

one；two ； three； 一，二，三

on the one hand ，on the other hand一方面，另一方面

to begin with ；to start with；in the first place 首先

next；then 其次

in turn 随后

finally ；in conclusion；in a word ；to summarize 最后，总之 例 ：

The heat of the burning coal converts the water in the boiler to steam which, in turn, drives a turbine.

First, the petroleum geologists study how the earth has changed. Then, they look for places where conditions might have been right for the formation of petroleum.

（2） 表示补充或进一步说明的承接语

and；again；also；besides；further(more)；moreover；too；in addition；then ；in adding ；not only that ；what is more. . . 而且，还有，除此之外 例：

In its molten state cast-iron is very fluid ，and therefore it is easy to cast it into intricate shape. Also ,it is easy to machine it.

Cementite is a very hard substance, and it makes the iron hard too.

（3） 表示等同或举例的承接语

namely(viz.)；that is (i.e. or ie.)；that is to say 即，也就是说

corresponding；equally；similarly；in the same way 同样，与此类似

or；alternatively；in other words 或者说，换句话说

better 最好说

(or) rather 更确切地说

for example(e.g. or eg.)，for instance ，thus 例如

例：

As the steam in the cylinder expands it does work and,at the same time, it cools. That is to say, work is done by a steam engine because steam expands and cools.

In mathematics a quantity successively multiplied by itself is said to be raised to a power. Thus 4×4×4 is 4 raised to the third power.

（4） 表示结果或推理的承接语

accordingly；consequently；hence ；now；so；then；therefore；thus；as a result；in consequence 因此，于是，那么

例：

We know that the coal and oil in the earth cannot last forever. So other ways of making energy are being found.

In a chemical change, the arrangement of atoms within molecules changes. As a result , one or more new substances are formed.

Heat does not strictly refer to energy itself , but rather to the transfer of energy. Heat is thus akin to work.

（5） 表示对比或转折的承接语

(or) else； otherwise 否则

but；however ；still；yet；nevertheless 但是，然而

not withstanding；in spite of that；for all that 尽如此，还是

conversely；instead；rather；on the contrary；in contrast；on the other hand

相反

in comparison；by comparison 比较起来

例：

If a confined gas is heated, its pressure increases. Conversely, if a gas is cooled, its pressure decreases.

Helium is chemically inert, forming almost no compounds. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is a very active element.

The transistor consists of only a single piece of germanium with wires connected to it. Yet it will do most of the things a triodes will do.

（6） 与某些连接词对应使用的承接语

If ...then 如果 ，那么

although ...(yet)；though...(yet) 虽然 但是

just as...so 正像 一样， 也

as...so 随着 也就

例：

If the solution is cooled, the crystals will form.

Though there are dozens of special alloys used in engineering, yet most of them are made up of only 3 to 4 metals.