英语科技文章写作中的常见问题(2)

（6）从句

The gage on the outside of the boiler , which was repaired last week , is working satisfactorily.

Which到底是修饰gage, boiler ，还是outside of the boiler？三者都有可能，所以，从句不能与被修饰的词距离太远。

若“仪表上用修复”，应改为：

The gage ，which is on the outside of the boiler , and which was repaired last week , is working satisfactorily.

或者：

The boiler ,which was repaired last week, and the gage on it is working satisfactorily. 又或者：

The outside of the boiler was repaired last week, and the gage on it is working satisfactorily.

（7）省略从句

Although tested the day before , he could not start the auxiliary engine when the main power supply failed.

由于从句中省略了“the auxiliary engine was”，所以应改为：

Although tested the day before , the auxiliary engine would not start when the main power supply failed.

7.1.6代词和先行词相互一致

（1）双先行词

The gage was attached to the bank , but it was found to be defective.

有毛病的是gage还是bank？应改为：

The gage which was found to be defective , was attached to the bank.

（2）泛指代词

If the tank is patched , it will reduce the losses.

It可以代表一句从句，也可以代表tank。应改为：

If the tank is patched , the losses will be reduced.

（3）暗含的先行词

A solution to the problem was found only a few years ago. This was mentioned in my earlier report.

This 是暗含的，可以指solution或a few years ago（近期性），也可以指整个一句句子，所以要点明。应改为：

A solution to the problem was found only a few years ago. The solution was mentioned in my earlier report.或者：

A solution to the problem was found only a few years ago. The recency of the solution was mentioned in my earlier report.又或者：

A solution to the problem was found only a few years ago. The solution and its recent discovery were mentioned in my earlier report.

（4）不定的先行词

①Delayed ignition occurs when you have a short circuit in your transformer. You指谁？先行词不明。应改为：

Delayed ignition occurs when there is a short circuit in your transformer.

②A new era began when they finally split the atom.

同样理由，应改为：

A new era began when the scientists finally split the atom.

（5）先行词遥远

“Distillation” is one of the chief sections in “Chem.Enger’s Hdbk”, which is Perry’s

best-known work. He gave the professions a valuable book.

Perry出现在从句中，而不在主句中，重要性不够，所以He应改为Perry： “Distillation” is one of the chief sections in “Chem.Enger’s Hdbk”, which is Perry’s best-known work. Perry gave the professions a valuable book.

7.2.7在定语从句中which 和that 的区别

（1）that用作介词的宾语时，不能直接放在介词的后面，应将介词后置并省去that或改用关系代词。

误：This is the factory in that we work.

正：This is the factory (that) we work in .或：This is the factory in which we work.

（2）先行词如果是anything，everything，nothing，all，little等词时，特别是先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，常用that引出从句，因为that 的限定意味较强，例如：

It was the finest industrial exhibition that we ever saw.

（3）不用that 引导非限定性定语从句：

Yesterday I visited a flower show, which（不用that ）made a lasting impression on me.

昨天我参观了一个花展，它给我留下了不可磨灭的印象。

7.3同位语

同位语是一种特殊的修饰语，它表示一件事物的另一种讲法，或是举出其具体内容，或是列举其中的一部分。

（1） 名词作名词的同位语

① 大多数同位语用逗号、破折号或冒号分开。

The hydrogen atom is made up of two electric particles, a proton and an electron. Transformer substations reduce the voltage to 220 volts ,a safe voltage for use in the home.

② 名词的同位语前后有时有一些词或词组，用来说明与前面名词的关系。

（i） 同一关系。

namely(or viz) 即

in other words 换言之

that is(or i.e.,ie.) 即，也就是说

or 即，或者说

for short 简言之

例：

We may distinguish two groups of metals, namely ferrous metals and non-ferrous

metals.

In the binary system, numbers are expressed by combinations of only two digits, that is 0 and 1.

（ii） 用于“举例”:

for example(or e.g. ,eg.)例如

such as(or as)如

including 包括，如

for instance 例如

say 譬如说

like 像，如

例：

Among semiconductors are chemical elements like germanium and silicon and a lot of chemical compounds such as oxides.

An insulating material , e.g. glass ,rubber or paper ,is also called a dielectric.

（iii） 用于突出重点：

especially 尤其

particularly特别

usually 通常

例：

Most liquids, particularly solutions in liquids, are good conductor.

Small amounts of other metals, especially lead and manganese ,are sometimes added to brass to give it specials qualities.

③ 概括性名词在前，同位语则说出具体事物。

例：

The team velocity includes direction.

Water consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.

（2） 代词作名词的同位语

all、these、both、each等代词可作名词的同位语。

例:

Cases and liquids both have the properties of fluids.

Air ,food, water ,and heat-these are four requirements of all living things.

（3） 从句作名词的同位语

作同位语的从句通常由that引出，that只起连接作用。

例：

The fact that electric currents produce heat is familiar to everyone .

Science uses the concept that molecules posses kinetic energy to explain

observations of several kinds.

（4） 形容词作名词的同位语

一个名词修饰别的名词时，该名词可能有形容词作同位语。

例：

An air-fuel mixture is burned in internal combustion engines ,the kind used in almost every automobile.

7.4插入语

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