Lecture3-1 Morphology形态学(3)

Greek: acme, bathos, catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasy, kudos, misanthrope, pathos, pylon, therm

Spanish and Portuguese: anchovy, armada, banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cannibal, canoe, canyon, cargo, cask, chilli (or chili), chocolate, cigar, cocaine, cockroach, cocoa, desperado, embargo, guitar, mosquito, negro, port (wine), potato, ranch, renegade, sherry, siesta, tango, tank, tobacco, tomato, vanilla

Italian: aria, artichoke, bandit, broccoli, cameo, carnival, casino, concerto, duet, finale, ghetto, graffiti (singular graffito), incognito, inferno, influenza, larva, libretto, macaroni, maestro, mafia, malaria, paparazzi (singular paparazzo), piano, pizza, ravioli, regatta, replica, scampi, solo, soprano, spaghetti, studio, umbrella, vendetta, vermicelli, volcano

Dutch: apartheid, booze, boss, brandy, buoy, coleslaw, commando, cookie, cranberry, cruise, deck, decoy, dock, dollar, dope, easel, excise, freight, furlough, gin, kit, knapsack, landscape, luck, onslaught, pickle, reef, sketch, skipper, slim, smuggle, snap, snip, trek, waffle, wagon, yacht

Hebrew: amen, babel, cabbala (or cabala, kabbala, kabala), camel, cherub, jubilee, manna, messiah, sabbath, satan, seraph, shibboleth

Arabic: admiral, albatross, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, algebra, alkali, almanac, amber, assassin, candy, cipher (or cypher), harem, hazard, lemon, magazine, nadir, safari, sherbet, sofa, syrup, zenith, zero

Indian: bungalow, cashmere, chutney, cot, curry, dinghy, ginger, guru, juggernaut, jungle, jute, loot,

mango, pariah, polo, punch, pundit, pyjamas (or pajamas), shampoo, swastika, thug, toddy, veranda (or verandah), yoga

Chinese: chop suey, chow, chow mein, ginseng, gung-ho, ketchup (or catchup or catsup), kung fu, tea, tofu (via Japanese), typhoon

4.4.7 Types of loan words Loanwords:

au pair, encore, coup d’etat, kungfu, sputnik Loanblend

coconut: coco (Spanish) + nut (English)

Chinatown: China (Chinese) + town (English) Loanshift

bridge: meaning as a card game borrowed from Italian ponte

Loan translation, or calque free verse < L verse libre

black humor < Fr humour noir found object < Fr objet trouvé

The counterpoint of phonology

(音位学） and morphology（形态学）

A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. boys /b??z/ b. boy’s /b??z/ c. raise /reiz/

The counterpoint of phonology

(音位学） and morphology（形态学）

2. Allomorph: a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. Map---maps--s---/s/ Dog---dogs---s---/z/ Watch-Watches-es-/iz/

Mouse-mice-ic-----/ai/ Ox-oxen----en----/n/ Tooth-teeth--ee---/i:/ Sheep-sheep-ee---/0/