Lecture3-1 Morphology形态学

Chapter 13 Morphology

The description of a language deals with all the four facets_ sounds, constructions, meanings and forms of words.

The sub-field that studies the functioning of sound-units within the systems of individual languages is called phonology. The branch that is concerned with the meanings of linguistic units is semantics. Morphology overlaps with each of the other three subbranches as a word is a sound unit that has meaning and syntactic function. 1.Definitions of Morphology

Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components -- morphemes.

The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

Morphology(The study of the internalstructure of words) Inflection (Inflectional morphology)

(Deals with the grammatical forms of the same word） Word-formation (Lexical morphology) (Deals with the creation of new words) 2. Morpheme, morph, allomorph

The basic unit of morphological description is the morpheme, the smallest unit for grammatical and lexical analysis.

Morphemes are abstract units, established for the analysis of word structure.

Words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morpheme.

When a word segment represents one morpheme in sound or writing, the segment is a morph.

Morpheme are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as Morphs. They are actual spoken forms, minimal carriers of meaning. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme . Allomorph ", Variant members of a set of morphs are ALLOMORPHS of the same morpheme: in-, im-, il-, and ir- are allomorphs of a particular prefix morpheme. ", Morphemes are distinguished by being placed in braces: {and}, {fame}, {in1}.

The difference between morph and allomorphs: P119 Morpheme（语素）

-the minimal units of meaning Undesirability

It is formed by combining four distinct units of meaning. Un+desire+able+ity

Each of these distinct unit of meaning is a morpheme. Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning.

3.Types of morphemes

3.1 Free vs. Bound morphemes:

Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, e.g. boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-. 3.2 Derivational (派生）and inflectional（曲折变化） morphemes Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g. plural, tense, comparative, etc. Walk+ing Walk+ed

When inflectional morphemes are attached to other morphemes, they are purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.

When derivational morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes, a new word is derived, or formed.

Tele+commute Macro+economics Physic+ian Fad+ism

Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be

free: those that can stand by themselves, e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or

bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.

Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into

prefix (dis-, un-) and suffix (-en, -ify).

Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added, e.g. friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es. Representing Word Structure Roots and Affixes (I)

1. N

V Af

teach er

2. Roots and Affixes (II)

a. A b. N

Af A N Af

un kind book s

Roots and Affixes (III)

c. V d. V

A Af V Af

modern ize destroy ed

4.Word-formation

4.1 open class and closed class Variable and invariable words

follow(s,ing,ed) ; when hello seldom in Grammatical and lexical words (function and Content words)

conjunctions, preposition, articles, pronouns but, and, when, in, off, the, a, his, your. Closed and open class words.

pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles she, they, to, on, above, when, where, a, the.

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, some prepositions. (out of, by means of, with regard to) Word class

(parts of speech): noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, article. Particles, auxiliaries(助词), pro-form, determiners.

MorphologyInflectionalMorphologyDerivational/LexicalMorphology4.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word formation Like---dislike Order---disorder

Internal structure: Dis+like dis+order

Rules: a negative is formed by adding dis to the end of a verb.

Morphology: it refers to the study of the internal structure of words. 4.3 Morphological rules of word formation Slowly Clearly

The ways words are formed are called morphological rules.

If a rule can be used freely to form new words, they are called productive morphological rules. Un+adjective=not-adjective Sad-unsad* (*:unaccepted） Brave-unbrave*

Undecided unchecked undeclared

Un-Rule is not as productive for a …… 此处隐藏：3873字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……