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LITERATUREYangChunquan/AGreatSaintAppearingSlowWitted

AGreatSaintAppearingSlowWitted

———AnAnalysisofSinger’sGimpeltheFoolfromFreud’sPsychoanalysis

○Yang

Chunquan

（SchoolofForeignLanguagesandCultures,NingxiaUniversity,Yinchuan750021,China）

［Abstract］ThestoryGimpeltheFoolisaboutthethemeofmorals'returningandtheconflictbetweenbenevolence

andevil,andSingersuccessfullyportraysawisefoolwithoutanyspecialdesires.ThispapertriestointerprettheshortstoryinthelightofFreud'spsychoanalyticaltheoryandthetheoriesofunconsciousnessandpersonalitystruture,andthentheauthorputsforwardtheviewthatGimpelisactuallyagreatsaintinsteadofafool.

［Keywords］Gimpel;fool;Freud;Psychoanalysis;saint

［中图分类号］I106.4［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1672-8610（2009）02-0042-04

GimpeltheFoolisashortstorywrittenbyIsaacBashevis

Singer,acontemporaryAmericanJewishwriterwhowontheNobelPrizein1978.IsaacBashevisSingerwasborninPolandin1904,andhewas“thesonofarabbi,andgrewupintheJewishghettoinWarsawinafamilywheremoneywasscarce,butintellectualstimuliplentiful.”(Singer,page78)GimpeltheFoolisastoryaboutasimplemannamedGimpelwhoiseasytotakein.Heisconsideredbymanytobeafoolbe－causeheisaprettygulliblemanandconstantlyfallingforallkindsoftrickslaidoutbyalmosteveryonearoundhim.Heisanorphan,laterturnedovertoabaker,andalsohasabadtimethere.Whenhedecidestogoofftoanothertown,every－onegetsbusymatch-makingandfinallyGimpelispersuadedtomarryElkawhoisnotvirginpureandhasa“littlebrother”.ElkatreatsGimpelveryrudely.What’smore,thewomanisdisloyaltoherhusbandGimpelallthroughherlife.Shegivesbirthtoaboyonly17weeksafterthewedding.Gimpeldoubtsifthechildishis,buteventuallymanagestobelievethatsomebabiesarebornpremature.GimpelalsocatchesElkahavinganaffairwithsomeoneelse,butlaterpersuadeshimselfintothinkinghehasmadeamistakeanddoneheranunjustice.WhenElkaisdying,shetellsGimpelthetruththatnoneofthesixchildrenareactuallyhis,andshedeceiveshimallthoseyears.OnenightafterElka’sdeathGimpelhasadream,andthenheplanstodeceivethewholetowninhisturnbybakingbreadwithurinemixedinit.Also,Elkaap－pearsinGimpel’sanotherdream,andthushedecidestogiveuphisevilplanandburiesthebread.HethendividesallhismoneyamonghischildrenandleavesFrampoltoliveawan－deringlife.Aftermanyyearsheunderstandsthattherearere－

allynoliesandwhateverdoesn’treallyhappenisdreamedatnight.ThestoryendswithGimpeldyingandgoingtoaplacewhereevenGimpelcannotbedeceived.TofindthementaljourneyofthecharactersinGimpelTheFoolIdecidestoana－lyzetheplotandcharactersfromFreud’spsychoanalysis.

SigmundFreudisafamousAustrianpsychoanalystwhohasfirstusedtheterm“psychoanalysis”anddevelopedthesystematictheoriesofpsychoanalysis.Atfirst,Freuddevelopesthetechniquesof"Psychoanalysis"forthetreatmentofpsycho－logicalandemotionaldisorders,butlaterthetechniquesarealsousedinmanyotherfieldsofsocialscience.Thusthethe－oriesofpsychoanalysishavebocomethetechniquesthatcanbeusedtounderstandhumanbeings’motives,personalitiesandmentalprocesses.Psychologicalcriticismisadiversecat－egorywhichadoptsSigmundFreud’spsychoanalyticaltheoriestoexamineliteraryworks.Freudbelievesahumanbeing’smentalprocessincludesthreelevels---theunconscious,thepreconsciousandtheconscious.

Freudcametoseepersonalityashavingthreeaspects,whichworktogethertoproduceallthecomplexbehaviours:theId,theEgoandtheSuperego.All3componentsneedtobewell-balancedinordertohavegoodamountofpsychologicalenergyavailableandtohavereasonablementalhealth.How－ever,theEgohasadifficulttimedealingwiththecompetingdemandsoftheSuperegoandtheId.Accordingtothepsy－choanalyticview,thispsychologicalconflictisanintrinsicandpervasivepartofhumanexperience.TheconflictbetweentheIdandSuperego,negotiatedbytheEgo,isoneofthefunda－mentalpsychologicalbattlesallpeopleface.Thewayinwhichapersoncharacteristicallyresolvestheinstantgratificationvs.

［作者简介］杨春泉，男，宁夏大学外国语学院讲师，硕士，研究方向：翻译理论与实践。

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longer-termrewarddilemmainmanywayscomestoreflectontheir"character".(/personality/L8-4Struc－tureMindIdEgoSuperego.html)

Thenlet’shaveabetterunderstandingoftheconceptsofId,EgoandSuper-Ego:

“It”）：TheIdfunctionsintheirrationalandTHEID（

emotionalpartofthemind.Atbirthababy’smindisallId-wantwantwant.TheIdistheprimitivemind.Itcontainsallthebasicneedsandfeelings.Itisthesourceforlibido(psy－chicenergy).Andithasonlyonerule-->the“pleasureprin－ciple”:“IwantitandIwantitallnow”.Intransactionalanalysis,Idequatesto"Child".THEEGO:“(I”):TheEgofunctionswiththerationalpartofthemind.TheEgodevelopsoutofgrowingawarenessthatyoucan’talwaysgetwhatyouwant.TheEgorelatestotherealworldandoperatesviathe“realityprinciple”.TheEgorealisestheneedforcompromiseandnegotiatesbetweentheIdandtheSuperego.TheEgo'sjobistogettheId'spleasuresbuttobereasonableandbearthelong-termconsequencesinmind.TheEgodeniesbothin－stantgratificationandpiousdelayingofgratification.Thetermego-strengthisthetermusedtorefertohowwelltheegocopeswiththeseconflictingforces.Toundertakeitsworkofplanning,thinkingandcontrollingtheId,theEgousessomeoftheId'slibidinalenergy.Intransactionalanalysis,Egoequatesto"Adult".THESUPEREGO“(Over-I”):TheSu－peregoisthelastpartofthemindtodevelop.Itmightbecalledthemoralpartofthemind.TheSuperegobecomesanembodimentofparentalandsocietalvalues.Itstoresanden－forcesrules.Itconstantlystrivesforperfection,eventhoughthisperfectionidealmaybequitefarfromrealityorpossibility.Itspowertoenforcerulescomesfromitsabilitytocreateanxi－ety.TheSuperegohastwosubsystems:EgoIdealandCon－science.TheEgoIdealprovidesrulesforgoodbehaviour,andstandardsofexcellencetowardswhichtheEgomuststrive.TheEgoidealisbasicallywhatthechild’sparentsapproveoforvalue.TheConscienceistherulesaboutwhatconstitutesbadbehaviour，anditisbasicallyallthosethingsthatthechildfeelsmumordadwilldisapproveoforpunish.(/personality/L8-4StructureMindIdEgoSuperego.html)

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