牛津版牛津高中英语语法总结(3)

当主语是动词-ing形式时：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.

（正确的）It is difficult to stop smoking.

It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主语。 如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.

It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.

我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that或who引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。

如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English.

如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.

第三单元

一 宾语不足语

1．宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.

2．宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.

We found the ruins most interesting.

有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。

如：They believed him to be honest.

Professor Zhang s speech made us all laugh.

宾语补足语可以时介词短语。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.

宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。

如：She made Joe her assistant.

She made Joe and Sue her assistants.

二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor…

1．我们用either…or…来表示选择性。

如：（连接主语）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.

(连接动词) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.

(连接宾语)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.

(连接状语)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.

我们用neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。（both…and…的反义词）

如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.

They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.

I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.

They went there neither by train nor by air.

三 主谓一致

主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。

动词应是单数，如果主语是：单数的名词或不可数名词

如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC.

The food they offered on the plane was delicious.

2) 计量的短语，标题或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.

Little women is a great novel.

3) 一个短语或从句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.

That it keeps raining worries the tourists.

动词应是复数，如果主语是：

一个复数名词

如：both cities were very rich.

由and连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.

当主语是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。 如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.

Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.

当主语是集合名词，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。

如：our team is very important to me.

Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.

当主语是news, physics, mathematics, Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.

All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.

当either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动词采取就近原则。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.

Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.

注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。

牛津高中英语－模块四

第一单元

一 直接引语和间接引语

1．我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号 但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。

直接引语：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.”

间接引语：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.

2．我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。

如：She said, “I m used to ads.”---- She said that she was used to ads.

“We must not fall for this kind of trick!” she said.-----

She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.

3．除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变：

人称代词的改变：

如：She said, “I did some research.”----- She said that she had done some research. 时态的改变：

如：She said, “This as is very clever.”----- She said that that ad was very clever.

下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的：

直接引语 间接引语

一般现在时 一般过去时

现在进行时 过去进行时

一般过去时 过去完成时

现在完成时 过去完成时

一般将来时 过去将来时

过去完成时 过去完成时

现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时

注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。

如： “light travels at great speed,” he said.---- He said that light travels at great speed. 时间和地点状语的变化：

如：Tom said, “I am working here today.”----- Tom said he was working there that day. 下面列举这种变化的例子：

直接引语 间接引语

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.

tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.

yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.

next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.

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