电气专业英语课文翻译(2)

来源：网络收集时间：2026-09-28

导读：图1.4给出了金属丝灯泡和碳丝灯泡的伏安曲线。如图所示，每个灯泡的电压和电流关系并不是线性的，当电流升高时，金属丝灯泡的电阻增大，碳丝灯泡的内阻减� � Electric circuits containing components with non-lin

图1.4给出了金属丝灯泡和碳丝灯泡的伏安曲线。如图所示，每个灯泡的电压和电流关系并不是线性的，当电流升高时，金属丝灯泡的电阻增大，碳丝灯泡的内阻减小。

Electric circuits containing components with non-linear characteristic are called non-linear.

If the e.m.f and internal resistances of sources and associated load resistances are assumed to be independent of the current and voltage, respectively, the external characteristic V(I) of the sources and the volt-ampere characteristic V1(I) of the loads will be linear(Fig.1.5).

包含非线性特性元件的电路称为非线性电路。如果假定电源的电动势和内阻以及相连的负载电阻分别与电流和电压无关，那么电源的外特性V(I)和负载的伏安特性V1(I)将是线性的（如图1.5所示）。

Electric circuits containing only elements with linear characteristic are called linear.Most practical circuits may be classed as linear. Therefore, a study into the properties and analysis of linear circuits is of both theoretical and applied interest.

只包含具有线性特性的元件的电路称为线性电路。很多应用电路都归类为线性电路，因此，对线性电路的特性和分析的学习具有理论和实际应用的双重意义。

An operational amplifier may be treated as a single electronic component with input and output terminals, rather as transistor is. The amplifier itself consists of a number of transistor stages such as those described in other lesson, fabricated and interconnected on a single substrate, and the user has access to a limited number of terminal points. Thus, of most interest from the applications point of view are the terminal characteristics.

运算放大器可以看做一个具有输入端口和输出端口的单个电子元件，就像晶体管那样。放大其本身由多级晶体管组成，这样的多极晶体管在前述课程中已经介绍，他们制作和连接在一块基板上，有几个引出端可供客户使用。从使用的角度看，人们感兴趣的是端口特性。

The name operational amplifier came about from the use to which early versions of the amplifiers were put, which was to provide electronic analogs of mathematical operations such as addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Integration etc. Present-day usage is very much wider scope but the popular name ―op-amp‖ persists.

运算放大器这个名字起源于早期放大器的用途，他被用来进行一些电子模拟数学运算，例如，加减乘积分等，如今它的使用范围已大大扩展，但运算放大器这个通用名字却流传下来。

The operational voltage amplifier is represented schematically by the triangular symbol. A0 is the voltage gain from differential input to single-ended output and is always a positive number. Phase reversals are taken into account at the input terminals, which is the reason why these are labeled + and -. The voltage at each terminal, including the output, may be referred to common reference, usually ground, and unless otherwise stated, this common reference will be assumed. Thus, letting V(+) represent the voltage of the positive input terminal, we may define the differential input voltage as Vid=V(+)-V(-), and the output voltage is V0=A0Vid. If, however, the differential input voltage is defined as Vid=V(-)-V(+), the output voltage is V0=-A0Vid.

电压运算放大器可用三角形符号来表示。A0表示从差动输入端到单一输出端的电压增益，并恒为正值，考虑到在输入端可能会有反向输入的情况，所以要标上+号与-号。每个端口包括输出端口的电压，都可以选一个共同的参考点，通常选大地。除非另有说明，否则所假定的参考点就是地。这样用V+代表正相输入端对参考点的电压，而V—则代表负相输入点对参考点的电压，我们可以将差动电压定义为Vid=V(+)+V(-),输出电压V0=A0Vid。然而，如果差动输入电压定为Vid=V(-)-V(+);则输出电压V0=-A0Vid。

Because no phase reversal takes place in the circuit, the positive input terminal is termed the noninverting terminal, and because a phase reversal dose take place in the circuit, the negative input terminal is termed the inverting terminal. These terminals will always be specified in the manufacturer‘s data sheet for an amplifier. One or other of the input terminals may be connected to the common line, and the phase relationships still hold as shown. Note that the inverting terminal convention does not mean that the positive input must be connected to the noninverting and the negative input to the inverting; the amplifier may be used either way up, so to speak.

因为当信号从正输入端输入时电路不发生反相，所以称之为同相端，而从负输入端输入时，电路发生反相，因此称之为反相端。这些端口在放大器的铭牌上已注明。输入端口的一端或其他的端都可连到参考点，可以看出其他相位关系仍保持不变。注意，称反相端和同相端的惯例，并不意味着正信号输入一定要与同相端相连，而负信号输入一定要与反相端相连，可以说放大器可以采取其中任何一种使用方式。

The basic equivalent circuit for the operational voltage amplifier is shown in fig. Ri is the differential input resistance, and will always be high, usually in the megohm range. High input resistance may be achieved through the use of Darlington connected pairs in the input stage , or by using an FET differential input pair, as described in other lesson. R0 is the output resistance, and always be low, usually less then 100, for the operational voltage amplifier. A0 is the voltage gain as defined in the previous section, and this will always be large, of the order of 10^6:1. For many applications, the amplifier may be represented by an voltage amplifier, for which

电压放大器的基本等值电路如图所示。Ri为差动输入电阻，切总是很大，经常在兆欧级范围内。高输入电阻可以通过在输入端使用达林顿连接对来实现，或如前所述，通过使用一个FET差动输入对来实现。R0为输出电阻，并且总是很小。对电压运算放大器来说，通常不到100欧。A0为前几节所定义的电压放大倍数，他总是很大。大约属于10^6:1的数量级。在许多实际应用中，放大器可用一理想放大器来代表，这时： The concept of infinite voltage gain, or , for that matter, a very high but finite voltage gain, requires some explanation,. A voltage gain of 10^6:1 does not mean that a one-volt input signal would be amplified up to one million volts at the out put! In fact, the maximum out put voltage is limited by the bias supply voltage, typically ±15V. H …… 此处隐藏：5028字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……

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