生物专业英语翻译(蒋悟生第2版)(2)

Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability稳固 to cells, its microtubules

英[ maikr u tju:bju:l] and filaments 丝状物 and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping 爬行 or gliding 滑动. Such movements require a solid固体的 substrate to which the cell can adhere附着 and can be guided by the geometry d i mitri] 几何形状of the surface. Some cells also exhibit [iɡ zibit] 展览 chemotaxis, kem tæksis趋药性 the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing 扩散 chemical.

尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。

Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia

[ sili ]纤毛or flagella 英[fl d el 鞭毛. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body基体is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein动力蛋白 side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet成对的东西.

完整版

某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。 Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin mai usin肌凝蛋白 proteins attached to organelles 细胞器,小器官 push against microfilaments arrayed [ rei] 展示throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled 集合, 收集 from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.

大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。 课后作业：第一第二篇阅读材料

答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c; 1A,2B,3D,4A

Glossary

cytoplasm （细）胞质

The living contents of a cell bounded

externally by the plasmalemma, including an

aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell

sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and

various inclusions but excluding the nucleus

and visible vacuoles.

cytoskeleton 细胞骨架

Of eukaryotic cells, an internal "skeleton".

Its microtubules and other components

structurally support the cell, organize and

move its inteftial components. The cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment. nucleus 细胞核，核(复数 nuclei) The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNA chromosome 染色体

完整版

A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus

of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two

telomeres and a centromere, and some

contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA

proteins are invariably associated with the

chromosome.

nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体

The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote

cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but

not membrane bounded.

nucleoli 核仁( 单数

nucleolus)

Nuclear structures composed of completed or

partially completed ribosomes and the

specific parts of chromosomes that contain

the infon-nation for their construction.

nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜

A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and

associated proteins) that is the outermost

portion of a cell nucleus.

ribosome 核糖体

Small structures composed of two protein and

ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the

assembly of proteins from amino acids.

polysome 多核糖体 Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule,one after the other. endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place. Golgi complex 高尔基复合体 A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells. vacuole 液泡 Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane. phagocytosis 吞噬作用 The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it. pinocytosis 胞饮作用 The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water lysosome 溶酶体 A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes. mitochondrion 线粒体(复数 mitochondria )A membranous organelle

完整版

resembling a small bag with a larger bag

resembling a small bag with a larger bag

inside that is folded back on itself; serves as

the site of aerobic cellular respiration.

plastid 质体

An organelle present in all plants except

bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is

enclosed by two membranes (the envelope)

and has various functions

chloroplast 叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried

out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic

organisms except photosynthetic bacteria

blue-green algae.

stroma 基质，子座（复数

stromata）

Region within a chloroplast that has no

chlorophyll.

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