verbal经典题库42详解(5)

studies examining burner design, to ensure flames have maximum luminosity （光泽） and

impinge on the glass at the correct angle, aid the minimization of fuel consumption. The exploitation of such advanced research allows glass manufacturers to reduce their

expenditure on fuel, decrease their defect rates and produce glass of the highest quality, all of which are important if they are to retain their commercial standing and customer loyalty. Glass of a higher quality is produced when the float furnace is at its maximum temperature. C

The radiance（光泽） of furnace flames has no direct impact on the amount of fuel used in

the glass-forming process. C

Ensuring the flames come into contact with the glass at a particular point can reduce the amount of energy required in the glass manufacturing process. T

38. Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional

astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying

according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration. Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. T C Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are

collaborating with professionals. C T

39. Scientists believe we are experiencing a dramatic change in the overall climate system,

verified by the 10-15 cm rise in sea levels over the last 100 years and the increases in severe weather conditions. Although climate change occurs naturally, scientists believe human

activities have led to increased carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations(二

氧化碳，甲烷和一氧化二氮浓度), leading to climate changes and, in turn, observed

increases in sea levels, atmospheric temperatures, and erratic weather systems. This means that today’s climate shift differs dramatically from previous shifts in climates in both magnitude and rate. Scientific research suggests that advancing sea levels, rising

temperatures and severe weather conditions caused by climate change will result in a host of negative consequences such as a threat to international trade patterns, an increase in the movement of tropical disease, and an increased risk of forest fires and landslides.

Only the difference in velocity distinguishes current climates shifts from previous shifts. F The enormity of alterations to our climate system has never been experienced by human beings before. T People will catch more tropical disease due to climate change. C

40. Human mortality, whilst consisting of unpredictable individual events, has a statistical regularity when averaged across a large group. This makes possible a whole host of products, of which the annuity is one. The price of an annuity paying a fixed regular income for life is based upon the statistical life expectancy of the purchaser at the time the annuity is to begin.

The company selling the annuity will benefit from all those customers that die earlier than

predicted, while customers are attracted by the prospect of guaranteed income for as long as they live. Annuities have the disadvantage that the capital invested is unrecoverable (i.e. upon the death of annuitant nothing is left for the heirs), but that fact also enables annuities

to guarantee higher payments than could be obtained if the same sum of money were invested at interest. The heirs of a person who buy an annuity tend to be against the purchase. C

Essentially, the purchaser of an annuity is gambling that they will live long enough to receive a good return on their investment. C

Annuity returns are generally similar to returns from investing the money in an

interest bearing accounts. F（没有利息）

41. In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general

framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be

evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by

conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations（实证检验）, by rational

inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both.

In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process.

Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question.

It is more meaningful to look at the practical utility （实际效用）of a model than its absolute

veracity（绝对准确性）. T

Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. C A model can exist in the absence of a theory. F 42. Financial fraud is a crime of growing significantly. In 2003, 8% of reported business-related crimes were fraud, averaging $35000 in losses. By 2005, whilst financial fraud was found to

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