产量15000kg_ha_1_以上夏玉米灌浆期间的光合特性

中国农业科学 2007,40(9):1898-1906 Scientia Agricultura Sinica

产量15 000 kg ha-1以上夏玉米灌浆期间的光合特性

黄振喜，王永军，王空军，李登海，赵 明，柳京国，董树亭，王洪军，王军海，杨今胜

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（1山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室，泰安 271018；2山东登海种业股份有限公司，莱州 261448；

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中国农业科学院作物科学研究所，北京 100081；4山东省莱州市气象局，莱州 261400）

摘要：【目的】探讨产量15 000 kg ha-1以上夏玉米籽粒灌浆期的光合特性及其与产量形成的关系。【方法】在多年高产试验基础上，选用3个具有高产潜力的玉米杂交种，采用78 000株/ha的密度大田种植。以地上生物量及其分配、果穗叶的光合特征参数来评价产量15 000 kg ha-1以上的夏玉米光合生理活性；以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程。【结果】3个玉米杂交种均可实现15 000 kg ha-1以上的高产，以先玉335（XY335）产量最高。对籽粒产量形成的Richards解析表明，籽粒灌浆启动快且高灌浆速率持续时间和生长活跃期（50 d以上）长的杂交种更容易实现高产。产量15 000 kg ha-1以上3个杂交种表现出灌浆前期净光合速率、PEPCase活性和RuBPCase活性较高，后期净光合速率、叶面积指数和可溶性蛋白含量下降缓慢的特点，整个灌浆期间叶绿素a/b比值始终较高。3个杂交种中XY 335叶片光合生理活性最高，净光合速率和叶面积的高值持续期分别达50 d和60 d以上。【结论】在玉米高产高密度栽培条件下，重视叶片的光合生理活性的改善可提高光能利用效率，维持较高灌浆速率和较长活跃生长期，实现15 000 kg ha-1以上的高产目标。

关键词：夏玉米；超高产；籽粒灌浆；光合特性

Photosynthetic Characteristics During Grain Filling Stage of Summer Maize Hybrids with High Yield Potential of 15 000 kg ha-1

HUANG Zhen-xi1, WANG Yong-jun1, WANG Kong-jun1, LI Deng-hai2, ZHAO Ming3, LIU Jing-guo2,

DONG Shu-ting1, WANG Hong-jun2, WANG Jun-hai4, YANG Jin-sheng2

(1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018; 2Shandong Denghai Seed Co. Ltd, Laizhou 261448; 3 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;

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Laizhou Weather Bureau, Laizhou 261400)

Abstract: 【Objective】A field trial was conducted to reveal the relationship between photosynthetic characteristics during grain Three summer maize filling stage and yield potential of summer maize hybrids with high yield potential of 15 000 kg·ha-1. 【Method】

hybrids (XY335, DH3632 and DH3806) were randomly planted at 78 000 plants/ha in the farmlands of Denghai Seed Co. Ltd in Laizhou city, Shandong province. Scientists measured above-ground biomass partitioning and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves on ear position to reveal the activities of photosynthesis and the bases of yield formation of three high-yielding maize hybrids during grain filling stage. The characters of grain filling were simulated by Richards’ model. 【Result】Yields of three hybrids were over 15 000 kg·ha-1, and the yield of XY335 was higher than that of DH3632 and DH3806 significantly (P＜0.05). Characterization of grain filling by Richards’ model showed that XY335 performed the higher grain-filling rate, the longer duration of active growing period (＞50 d), and it reached the maximum grain-filling rate earlier than DH3632 and DH3806. The results indicated that the grain-filling characteristic like XY335 was favorable to 15 000 kg·ha-1 yield potential in the experiment. The photosynthetic parameters of XY335 were the highest among the three hybrids. Photosynthetic activities of XY335 ware optimal with higher PEPCase and RuBPCase activity and chlorophyll a/b ratio after anthesis. Soluble protein contents decreased slowly from 30 d and 50 d after flowering. Leaf 收稿日期：2006-06-15；接受日期：2007-03-12

基金项目：国家粮食丰产科技工程（2004BA520A12）；新世纪优秀人才支持计划；国家自然科学基金资助项目（30370832、30571098）；高等学校博

士学科点专项科研基金资助项目（20040434008）

作者简介：黄振喜（1964-），女，山东武城人，副教授，研究方向为作物生理生态研究与教学。王永军与第一作者具有同等贡献。E-mail：yjwang 2004

@http://doc.guandang.net。通讯作者王空军（1968-），山东章丘人，教授，研究方向为作物高产优质高效生理生态。Tel：0538-8245838，13705389528；E-mail：kjwang@http://doc.guandang.net

9期 黄振喜等：产量15 000 kg ha-1以上夏玉米灌浆期间的光合特性 1899 area and net photosynthetic functional duration of XY335 were 60 d and 50 d, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In order to develop hybrids with high yield potential of 15 000 kg·ha-1 and develop cultivation practices, it’s essential to improve the photosynthetic activities to maintain higher grain-filling rate and longer duration of active growing period. This should be after anthesis under high density conditions to enhance the solar energy use efficiency.

Key words: Summer maize; High-yielding; Grain filling; Photosynthetic characteristics

0 引言

【研究意义】未来几十年世界将面临粮食持续短缺的问题[1]，因为自20世纪90年代以来世界粮食增长速率明显减缓[2]。中国人口不断增加，而人均耕地面积不断减少，粮食安全问题日趋严峻。已有证据表明，高产田对中国粮食总产的贡献率为54.1%[3]，保障中国未来的粮食安全必须依赖单产的提高。玉米是中国三大粮食作物之一，作为C4作物，具有光合生产效率高和产量潜力大的特点。因此，研究高产玉米籽粒产量形成期间的光合特性具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】光合作用是产量形成的基础，作物干物质90%以上来源于光合作用产物。玉米光合特性一直是作物生理生态领域研究的热点，前人的研究较多地集中于环境因子（包括密度、光照、水分及养分供应、温度、病虫害及其它栽培措施等）对玉米光合特性的影响[4~6]，对光合的描述也多采用气体交换等简单参数。玉米群体光合作用的研究表明高产品种具有开花后群体光合速率下降缓慢，高值持续期长的特点[7~10]，但未能从与光合作用密切相关的光合碳代谢关键酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量变化特征进行机理上的分析。国内外学者对不同年代推广的玉米品种研究认为，现代品种产量高是因为其个体表现出较高的光合速率与光能利用效率，开花后叶片光合色素与碳同化关键酶降解缓慢，维持较高生理活性的时间较长[11~15]，这些研究仅限于15 000 kg ha-1产量 …… 此处隐藏：22621字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……