康德维特根斯坦

康德、维特根斯坦、哲学比较

摘 要

本文通过对康德和前期维特根斯坦哲学观的考察，对两者哲学“两个世界”划分理论进行了比较和研究。

首先，论文从哲学上最古老的一个词“逻各斯”开始，我们认识到，人是一种理性动物，人的生活离不开语言。然而，正是因为人有理性、人说话，最终导致人的形而上学性。在漫长的哲学发展史中，人们制造了一揽子各式各样的形而上学体系，它们引导着人们的追求，同时也使人们陷入混乱和迷雾。在这种以理性为主导的人类认识过程中，也有一些通过非理性的、直觉的、体悟式的非“逻各斯中心主义”的方式来直接达到所谓的形而上的真实世界，这时，也就不存在混乱的形而上学问题了。但是，人最显著的特性是理性，虽然理性和语言有时候就像一些人所说的那样并不能完全把握这个世界的本质，人依然要依靠理性来行走，不管现在还是将来。理性不是全能的，却不可或缺。

其次，理性主义（相对于非理性主义）的康德和前期维特根斯坦分别运用划界的方法来排查哲学问题，通过给理性和语言的划界来确定哪些是人们可以认识的知识，哪些是人们不能认识的非经验的部分。通过比较，我们发现：如果我们抛开两位哲学家头上的标签、抛开两者的历时性，两者所做的事情都是在一定程度上对休谟难题的继承——将事实和价值分开，甚至也是对古希腊哲学家柏拉图“两个世界”的继承。两者都是运用先验的方式考察理性、语言自身，再用理性、语言给自身和世界划界，并都从认识论过渡到形而上学（伦理学）。

最后，康德和前期维特根斯坦在处理伦理问题上有不一样的做法，尽管他们都对形而上学报以崇高的敬意。他们都提倡一种绝对主义伦理观，超越经验世界里的相对主义伦理观。维特根斯坦对这个超验世界保持了彻底的沉默，因为这是不能通过语言来表达的，它不在事实世界之内；而康德通过引入“自由”来超越经验世界的必然性，让伦理学通过实践理性来实现。事实与价值问题是哲学最基本的问题之一，或许不是人类没有找到正确的道路去链接这二者，而是因为它们本来就不属于同一个领域。但是，人们是不会满足于生活在事实世界里而没有终极关怀，所以人们一直在艰难的求索中，关键是要保持二者之间一定的张力，而

康德、维特根斯坦、哲学比较

新实用主义，对我们来说，不失为一种启示。

我原本打算主要考察第二部分，正如题目所揭示的那样，本文的写作缘由就得益于康德和前期维特根斯坦哲学的刺激，但是后来我发现纯粹去比较的做法的意义是不明显的（否则的话，人们不如直接拿着两者的原著对照好了），仿佛把他们的某些观点硬拉向某个方向似的。我最终试图去挖掘两者哲学相似性的内在原因以及由此去发现关于人类理性的状况和人类本身的意义。我希望这篇论文能够在哲学上的某个方面说出了点什么，哪怕它是那样的微小；当然，它在事实上所能达到的准确性或意义在我尽我所能之后有多大，我已无力再去评判。

关键词：理性；语言；划界；事实；形而上学

康德、维特根斯坦、哲学比较

Abstract

Based on the philosophy of Kant and Wittgenstein's early study of philosophy between the "two worlds " theory were compared and studied.

First, the paper from one of the oldest philosophical word "logos", we recognize that man is a rational animal who can not live without language. However, it is because people are rational people to speak, eventually leading to the metaphysical nature of man. In the long history of philosophy, people create a package of all kinds of metaphysical systems, which guide the people's pursuit, but also to make mankind into confusion and fog. In such a rational understanding of human-driven process, some by non-rational, intuitive, understanding the type of non-"logocentric" approach to the so-called metaphysical directly to the real world, this time, but also Metaphysical confusion does not exist problem. However, the most notable feature is the reason, although the language of reason and sometimes as some people say they have not fully grasp the essence of the world, people still have to rely on reason to walk, whether now or in the future. Reason is not all-powerful, but indispensable. Second, the rationalist (relative to the irrationalism) of Kant and Wittgenstein were early methods used to troubleshoot the delimitation of philosophical problems, by giving the demarcation of reason and language to determine which people can understand the knowledge, which Is that people can not understand some of the non-experience. By comparison, we find that: If we put aside the label head of the two philosophers, both historical aside, the two things are done a certain extent, problems of Hume's successor - the facts and values separately, and even the ancient Greek philosopher Plato is also the "two worlds" of inheritance. Both are a priori way to examine the use of reason, language itself, and then rational delimitation of the language to themselves and the world, and all the transition from epistemology to metaphysics (ethics).

Finally, Kant and Wittgenstein in addressing ethical issues early on are not the same way, although they all reported the highest respect of metaphysics.

康德、维特根斯坦、哲学比较

They advocate a concept of absolutist ethics, beyond the experience of relativism in the world of ethics. Wittgenstein on the transcendental world to maintain the complete silence, because it can not be expressed through language, it is not in fact within the world; and Kant by introducing the "freedom" to move beyond the experience of the inevitability of the world, so that ethics Achieved through practical reason. Issues of fact and value is one of the most basic philosophy, not human does not find the right path to link the two, but because they did not belong to the same area. However, it is not satisfied with the fact that living in a world without ultimate concern, so people have been in a difficult quest, the key is to maintain a certain tension between the two, and the new pragmatism, for us, after all, A revelation.

I had originally planned mainly on the second part, as revealed by topic, as of this writing are largely due to the reason for the Philosophy of Kant and early stimulation, but later I found that the practice simply to compare The meaning is not obvious (otherwise, people took as a direct comparison between the original good), as if some of their ideas like a corkscrew in one direction. I finally …… 此处隐藏：15785字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……