玉米理想株型(综述)

PERSPECTIVE

published:06October2015doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00835

Makingbettermaizeplantsforsustainablegrainproductioninachangingclimate

FangpingGong,XiaolinWu,HuiyongZhang,YanhuiChenandWeiWang*

StateKeyLaboratoryofWheatandMaizeCropScience,CollaborativeInnovationCenterofHenanGrainCrops,CollegeofLifeScience,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,Zhengzhou,China

Editedby:SusanaAraújo,

UniversidadeNovadeLisboa,

PortugalReviewedby:SerenaVarotto,

UniversityofPadova,ItalyElizabeteCarmo-Silva,RothamstedResearch,UK

*Correspondence:

WeiWang,

StateKeyLaboratoryofWheat

andMaizeCropScience,CollaborativeInnovationCenterofHenanGrainCrops,CollegeofLife

Science,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,95WenhuaRoad,Zhengzhou450002,Chinawangwei@http://www.77cn.com.cn

Specialtysection:

ThisarticlewassubmittedtoCropScienceandHorticulture,

asectionofthejournalFrontiersinPlantScienceReceived:16July2015

Accepted:23September2015Published:06October2015Citation:

GongF,WuX,ZhangH,ChenYandWangW(2015)Makingbettermaizeplantsforsustainablegrainproductioninachangingclimate.

Front.PlantSci.6:835.doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00835

Achievinggrainsupplysecuritywithlimitedarablelandisamajorchallengeinthetwenty-firstcentury,owingtothechangingclimateandincreasingglobalpopulation.Maizeplaysanincreasinglyvitalroleinglobalgrainproduction.AsaC4plant,maizehasahighyieldpotential.Maizeispredictedtobecomethenumberonecerealintheworldby2020.However,maizeproductionhasplateauedinmanycountries,andhybridandproductiontechnologieshavebeenfullyexploited.Thus,thereisanurgentneedtoshapemaizetraitsandarchitecturesforincreasedstresstoleranceandhigheryieldinachangingclimate.Recentachievementsingenomics,proteomics,andmetabolomicshaveprovidedanunprecedentedopportunitytomakebettermaize.Inthispaper,wediscussthecurrentchallengesandpotentialofmaizeproduction,particularlyinChina.Wealsohighlighttheneedforenhancingmaizetolerancetodroughtandheatwaves,summarizetheeliteshootandroottraitsandphenotypes,andproposeanideotypeforsustainablemaizeproductioninachangingclimate.Thiswillfacilitatetargetedmaizeimprovementthroughaconventionalbreedingprogramcombinedwithmoleculartechniques.

Keywords:maizeideotype,droughtandheatstress,changingclimate,sustainablefoodproduction,maizeproduction

ChallengesandPotentialofMaizeProduction

Achievinggrainsupplysecuritywithlimitedarablelandwillpresentamajorchallengeinthetwenty-firstcentury,owingtothegrowingworldpopulationandchangingclimate.Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtoreachninebillionby2050(SheldenandRoessner,2013),representinganadditionaltwobillionpeopletofeed.ThepopulationinChinaisexpectedtopeakat1.6billionin2030.Theworld’sgrainsupplyisinadequatecomparedwiththefooddemand.Furthermore,changesinclimate,particularlydroughtandextremetemperatures,willbemorefrequentinthenearfutureandwillseverelylimitcropproductionworldwide(Cooperetal.,2014;Freyetal.,2015;Hortonetal.,2015).MaizeoriginatedinthehighlandsofMexicoapproximately8,700yearsago(Pipernoetal.,2009)andthenspreadtotheAmericas,Europe,andAsiaprimarilyviatradenetworks.Maizeiscurrentlythesecondmostplentifulcropglobally(OrtandLong,2014)andthelargestcropproducedinChina,asaresultofbothlargerplantingareaandgreateryield(Figure1A).Maizeispredictedtosurpassbothwheatandricetobecomethenumberonecropgloballyby2020(Jones,2009).Theoretically,asaC4plant,maizehasahigheryieldpotentialthanwheatandrice.Themaizegrainyieldperunitoflandcouldbeincreasedindevelopingcountries.Forexample,maizeyieldperunitareainChinaisequivalenttoabout2/3ofthatintheUnitedStates,evenlowerinIndia(Figure1B).Asstatedinthe“NationalGrainSecurityandMid-andLong-TermPlanningFramework(2008–2020)”

improvementthroughmolecularbreedingapproachesinthenearfuture.

EnhancingMaizeTolerancetoDroughtandHeatWaves

Droughtandheataretwomajorenvironmentalstressorsandoftenoccurconcurrently.Theyseverelylimitplantproductivityworldwide.Inthenearfuture,globalclimatechangeislikelytoincreasetheriskofextremetemperature,particularlyheatwaves(Hortonetal.,2015).Althoughmaizeoriginatedinthetropics,itishighlysensitivetodroughtandheat,particularlyatsilkemergenceand/orwhenflowersarereadyforpollination(BoyerandWestgate,2004;Lobelletal.,2011,2014;Freyetal.,2015).InChina,approximately60%ofthemaizeplantingareaispronetodroughtandheatwaves,whichmayresultinashighas30%yieldlossinanaffectedyear.Hence,enhancingmaizetolerancetodroughtandheatiscriticalforsustainablemaizeproduction.Creatingdrought-andheat-tolerantmaizecultivarsadaptedtodifferentgeographicalenvironmentshasproventobeadifficulttaskformaizebreeders.Asearlyasthe1970s,theInternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenter(CIMMYT)beganabreedingapproachfordrought-tolerantmaizelinesandspentmorethan30yearsdevelopingseveraldrought-tolerantvarieties(Ashraf,2010).Drought-andheat-resistantmaizevarietiesarestillunavailableinotherpartsoftheworld.Theresponsestodroughtand/orheatstressesinplantsarecomplexphysiologicalandbiochemicalprocessesandinvolvechangesinanatomicstructures.Thesecharacteristicsaredeterminedbysetsofgeneswithinthemaizegenome.Thus,itisnecessarytoidentifystress-relatedgenes/proteins.

Afterstress-relatedgenes/proteinshavebeenidentified,maizestresstolerancecanbeeasilyenhancedviagenomeeditingtechnology.Thisprocessrequireslesstimethanaconventionalbreedingprogram.Theavailabilityofmaizegenomicsequencingandhigh-throughputgenomics,proteomics,andmetabolomicsapproacheshaveacceleratedtheidentificationofpotentialstress-relatedgenes/proteins/metabolitesinmaizeplants.Arangeofstressresponse-relatedproteins,suchasheatshockproteins(HSPs),phytohormoneregulators,signalingproteins,andprotectiveenzymes,etc.(Huangetal.,2012;Gongetal.,2014;Yinetal.,2014;Huetal.,2015a,b)contributetodroughtandheatstresstoleranceinmaize.ProteinsHSP26improveschloroplastperformanceunderheatstressbyinteractingwithspecificchloroplastproteinsinmaize(Huetal.,2015b).Theover-expressionoftrehalose-6-phosphatephosphataseinmaizeearsincreasedthec …… 此处隐藏：28638字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……