跨文化交际Unit3课件

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Warm Up Friendships

China: People are willing to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owned. U.S.: People value more inpidual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, not willing to put themselves in others’ debt.

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Different Lands, Different Friendships In every country people value friendship. The difficulty is not a lack of appreciation of

friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Who is a friend?What does a Frenchman mean when he says: “This is my good friend.” “This is my friend.”

Who is closer to him?Simple translation from one language to another is difficult.

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Friendships in comparison American friendships: superficial, casual,

situational or deep and enduring French friendships: are of the same sex, basically

between men; demands a keen awareness of the other’s intellect, temperament and interests; are compartmentalize; not part of family life German friendships: more a matter of feeling,

have much to do with family English friendships: based on shared activities

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Common Elements in Friendships of Different Styles Friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter

of free choice The sense of being a special inpidual Inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Some Tools for Comparing and Contrasting Cultures Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck’s Model (PP. 85-89) Hofstede’s Model (PP. 99-105)

Hall’s High-Context & Low-Context Cultures (PP.

110-115)

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck’s Model Five basic orientations: Human nature: good / evil? Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by

nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of nature Sense of time: past, present, or future-oriented Activity: being, growing, or doing Social relationships: authoritarian, group-oriented,

or inpidualistic

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Hofstede’s Model Five dimensions: Inpidualism versus collectivism Uncertainty avoidance Power distance Masculinity versus femininity Long-term versus short-term orientation

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Inpidualism versus collectivismThe degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group Inpidualism:

e.g. Australia, Belgium, the Netherland, and the U.S. Collectivism:

e.g. Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Inpidualism Inpidual: primary source of motivation Independence, privacy, self, and the all-important I Highly inpidualistic, believing that people are only supposed

to take care of themselves, and perhaps their immediate family Decision making: based on what is good for the inpidual, not

for the group Dealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational

strategies

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Collectivism Group: the most important social units Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the group Obligations to the group, dependenc

e of the inpidual on

organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belonging Decision making: based on what is best for the group Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance, third-party

intermediaries, or the other face-saving techniques The ingroup and the outgroup

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Hofstede’s Model Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels

threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure Power distance: the degree to which the culture believes that

institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or accepted Masculinity versus femininity (achievement-nurturance): the degree

to which a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of life Long-term versus short-term orientation: time-orientation, a person’s

point of reference about life and work

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Hall’s High-Context & Low-Context Cultures High-Context Cultures / Communication

e.g. Japanese, Chinese, Korean cultures Low-Context Cultures / Communication

e.g. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American cultures

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

High-Context Communication or Message Most of the information is in the context or internalized in

the person; Very little is in in the coded, explicit part of the message; Communication patterns of indirect verbal mode; Listeners “read between the lines” to infer the implicit

intent of the verbal message; Listeners need to observe the nonverbal nuancces and

subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message; Stress the importance of multilayered contexts

大学本科英语专业跨文化交际Unit3课件

Low-Context Communication or Message Most of the information is given in the explicit code; The context or situation plays a minimal role; Communication patterns of direct verbal mode; Speakers send clear, persuasive message that

listeners can easily decodeimplicit intent of the verbal message; Stress the importance of explicit verbal messages to

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