不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Feeding the Dairy Herd

Nutritional Phases

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Bob Kaiser

Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

Phase 1 Dry Period -60 to -14 Days

Prepartum

第一阶段：干奶期，产前60到14天

n

Dry off procedure 干奶程序

nDiscontinue concentrate feeding停止精饲料的饲喂

n

Restrict water consumption temporarily短时间限制饮水量

n

Offer only poor quality forages仅提供低质量的粗饲料n

Stop milking abruptly 突然停止挤奶

Recommended Nutrient Concentrations for TMR Feeding Programs

全混日粮饲喂项目营养浓度的推荐值

1

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Phase 2 Transition Period -14 to 21 Days Prepartum/ Postpartum

第二阶段：过渡期，产前14天到产后21天

n

Critical adjustment period 关键调整期

nDry cows 干奶牛

n

Springing heifers 怀孕后备牛

n

Acclimate to lactation diet ingredients

逐渐适应泌乳日粮成分

nRumen microorganisms 瘤胃微生物nAnimal herself 动物自身

nIf niacin or anionic salts are used, introduce at this time

如果使用烟酸或阴离子盐，开始添加

Results of Poor Transition Period Feeding and Management

过渡期饲养和管理差带来的结果

nLow peak milk yields 泌乳高峰产奶量低

nExcessive loss of body condition 体况损失严重nMetabolic disorders –fatty liver & ketosis 代谢紊

乱-脂肪肝和酮病

nDigestive disorders –rumen acidosis & DA 消化

紊乱-瘤胃酸中毒和真胃移位

nHigh veterinary costs 医疗成本高

n

High involuntary cull rates 非主动淘汰率高

Controlling Sub-Clinical and Clinical Milk Fevers控制亚临床性和临床性产后瘫痪

n

Dilute down the K content of dry cow and prepartumsteam-up diets

降低干奶牛及产前加饲日粮中的钾的浓度

n

Use anionic salts to lower dietary cation-anion difference DCAD

使用阴离子盐降低日粮中的阴阳离子差

nBalance and regulate ration Ca & P

平衡和调控日粮的钙和磷

n

Reduce incidence of retained placenta, ketosis and displaced abomasum

降低胎衣不下、酮病、真胃移位的发生

2

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Benefits of Introducing Starch (Grain) Prior to Calving

产前加饲淀粉(谷物)的好处

nIncrease dry matter and NElintakes 增加干物质和

泌乳净能的摄入量

nAdaptation of rumen microbes 使瘤胃微生物提前适

应

n

Volatile fatty acid absorptive capacity of rumen

tissues 瘤胃组织挥发性脂肪酸的吸收能力

n

Ruminalpropionate production 瘤胃丙酸的生成

3

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Tips for Maximizing Early Lactation Dry Matter Intakes (cont’d 续)

nDo not feed to an empty bunk; 5 to 10% refusals

不要空槽, 允许5-10%的剩料

nPush up feed frequently to stimulate appetites 经常推料刺激食欲

n

Feed TMR enough times to keep feed from heating in bunk 增加饲喂次数, 避免饲料在饲槽内发热

n

Provide adequate space; 0.5 m for fresh cows提供足够的饲槽空间, 新产牛0.5米

Tips for Maximizing Early Lactation Dry Matter Intakes

使泌乳早期干物质采食量最大化的几点建议

n

Feed high quality forages, relative feed quality (RFQ) of 140 and above

饲喂优质粗饲料, 相对饲料质量140或更高

n

Feed highly palatable forages and concentrates

饲喂适口性好的粗饲料和精饲料

n

If possible manage early lactation cows as a separate group

如果可能, 将泌乳早期的牛分群管理

Tips for Maximizing Early Lactation

Dry Matter Intakes (cont’d 续)

n

Keep barns well ventilated保持舍内通风良好

n

Keep cows comfortable保持圈舍舒适

n

Ensure easy access to unlimited, clean, fresh water

确保无限制,干净新鲜的饮水

4

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Feeding Guidelines for Early Lactation Group TMR’s 早期泌乳牛群全混日粮的饲喂

指南

n18% minimum NDF from forage 最低18%的中洗纤维来自粗饲料

n27 to 32% minimum dietary fiber 日粮纤维最低27-32%n1.72 to 1.76 McalNElper kg diet DM 每公斤日粮干物质的泌乳净能为1.72-1.76兆卡

n

17 to 18% dietary crude protein 日粮粗蛋白17-18%n34 to 37% RUP 34-37%的过瘤胃蛋白n

35 to 40% NFC 35-40%的非纤维碳水化合物

Help me please!请救救我!I have a severecase of rumenacidosis.

我有严重的瘤胃酸中毒

5

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Phase 4 Peak Dry Matter Intake 70 to 140 Days Postpartum

第四阶段: 干物质采食高峰, 产后70-140天

n

Maintain peak production维持高峰产量

nPositive energy balance 能量正平衡

nConcentrate intake < 2.5% of body weight精料摄入<2.5%的体重

nMaintain optimal rumen environment维持最佳的瘤胃环境

6

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Phase 5 Mid and Late Lactation 140 to 305 Days Postpartum

第五阶段：泌乳中晚期，产后140-305天

nMilk production declines 8 -量每月滑落8-10%

10% per month 奶产

nCow is pregnant 奶牛怀孕

n

Nutrient intake meets or exceeds requirements

营养物的摄入满足或超过需求

nMaintenance requirements + 20% 2 year olds 两岁超过维持需要20%

nMaintenance requirements + 10% 3 year olds 三岁10%

n

Body condition score adjustment体况调整

Feeding Guidelines for Mid to Late Lactation Group TMR’s

泌乳中晚期全混日粮的饲喂指南

n18% minimum NDF from forage 最少18%的中洗纤

维来源于粗饲料

n27 to 32% minimum dietary fiber 最低日粮纤维27-32%

n1.65 to 1.72 Mcal干物质1.65-1.72兆卡泌乳净能

NElper kg diet DM 每公斤日粮

n

15 to 16% dietary crude protein 15-16%的粗蛋白n32 to 35% RUP 32-35%的过瘤胃蛋白n

32 to 38% NFC 32-38%的非纤维碳水化合物

7

不同营养阶段奶牛的饲养

Body Condition Score 评分

2Body Condition Score评分

4Body Condition Score评分

1

Body Condition Score评分

3

Body Condition Score 评分