武汉大学2012博士生入学英语考试试题word清晰版

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武汉大学

2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

(满分值100分)

科目名称：英语(B卷)科目代码:1101

注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2 X 20 = 40%)

Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance and lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist; in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason." I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation. This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a

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scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature. Actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.

But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

A. the slow development of the economy

B. the poor and jobless people's own faults

C. the lack of responsibility on the part of society

D. the large number of people who were not well-educated

A. the present system of social insurance should be improved

B. everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any "reason"

C. everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the country

D. people have to change their attitude towards the poor

A. provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployed

B. encourage people to take on more social obligations

C. guarantee everyone the right to be employed

D. provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period

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A. demands too much from society

B. makes freedom of contract impossible

C. helps people take interest in their work

D. helps bring about changes in the relationship among people

Passage Two

Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.

Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.

Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine, When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.

In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.

Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully written and rehearsed scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.

Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are. far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you've been cheated.

But, being yourself doesn't work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.

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I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of hi …… 此处隐藏：20428字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……