西方文明史 复习总结

英文版

The religious reformation in Germany宗教改革

1. Germany had always been politically fragmented at that time

2. People of all ranks are not satisfied with Catholicism

3. The renaissance liberated thought of people

Martin Luther

The core idea of Luther is “Justification by faith”

the only basis of faith is the Holy Bible

All believers are priest

Build a disinterested church

Build a national church

influence

It hit the rule of Roman Catholicism

It push the movement of opposition to the feudalism

The Lutheranism was established

It cleaned up a road for religious reformation.

Influence

In politics: (1) Cracked down the Catholicism severely，collapsed its unified theocracy in Europe. New religion branches were born and shaped a new religion pattern.

(2) Promote the development of national consciousness and national countries in western Europe

In economy: Gave impetus to the development of capitalism.

In culture:

（1）Rejected the prestige of Catholicism and emancipated people’s mind further.

(2) Brought boost to national culture and education of countries in west Europe

(3) Provided ideological weapon to early capitalist movement.

Cold war冷战

Yalta Feb 1945 Big Three: Roosevelt Churchill Stalin

Potsdam July 1945 Big Three Truman Clement Atlee Stalin

Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".

result : Coup in USSR 1991 Boris Yeltsin comes to power 15 independent countries dissolution of Soviet Union

THE ENLIGHTENMENT启蒙运动

Background

1.Struggle of bourgeoisie against feudalism.

2.Industrial Revolution

3.Influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies.

自由三剑客 Voltaire---his largest philosophical work: Dictionnaire philosophique

Montesquieu--- The Spirit of the Laws Persian Letters

separation of powers

The greatest freedom and security for a state :

英文版

separation of powers：executive, legislative, and judicial powers

checks and balances---to limit and control each other

Jean-Jacques Rousseau On the Origin of human inequality Emile

The main achievements of the Enlightenment The Social Contract 1762

a.“Separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers”, “the spirit of the laws”

b. “a constitutional monarchy”, “the law is no respecter of persons”

c. The first France “Encyclopedia”

The influence of Enlightenment

a. the Enlightenment thinkers criticized feudalism and its spiritual pillar ——

the Catholic Church, and depicted the future "rational kingdom" blueprint

b. Preparation for the France Revolution

c. It influenced many other countries all around the world deeply, and lots of the masterpieces of the Enlighteners were introduced to China, Japan and other Asia countries, encouraging their national movements against the old society.

industry revolution

reason

1. the development of the economic and political strength.——basically!

2. the requirement of the home and the world market.

3. the developing of the scientific.

4. the people’s creation.

5. peaceful society, enough capital

6. inventors were respected

Why Did the Industrial Revolution Happen in Britain first

1. English Bourgeois Revolution

2. Capital, Market, plenty of Raw Materials

3. The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.

4. Handicraft industry

5. Population grew

6. England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors

New Inventions

Spinning Jenny Steam engine(improved by James Watt)

, flying shuttle , water frame Power Loom

Stream locomotive—Stephenson

Fulton----Stream Ship

Influence

For British Produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manners.

Many cities into being .

Population increased .

Become the “factory of the world”

For world 1.A factory system was established.

2.To make the capitalism spread all over the world

3.To make machine production and modern industry (factory system) gradually

replaced the handicraft workshop

英文版

4.To accelerate colonization of the weaker countries

The Second Industrial Revolution

Invention electric motor Telephone(bell) New energy Plane(Wright brothers)1903

Faraday---electromagnetic induction

trolleybus

1885， Karl Benz, car

Nobel-King of Explosive

influence New industry ; Monopolies; To form capitalist world system; Productivity; Imbalance of economic and political development

Atomic Energy; 2.Space Technology; .Bioengineering(cloning)

WW

The First World War

Incident that touches off a war

The Sarajevo Murder

In June 1914 ,the archduke Franz Ferdinand went on an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia . There ,on June 28,1914 ,he and his wife were shot dead. The assassin, Gavrilo Prinzip , was a nineteen years old.

Allied nations Germany 、 Austria-Hungary 、 Osman、Bulgaria

the Entente countries Britain、France 、 Russia 、 Serbia、Belgium、Italy、Japan the Paris Peace Conference

Time---1919

Place---- Versailles

Attendants----- 27 victorious countries including China

Aim--- meeting to divide the spoils and to redivide the old colonies

Result----Versailles Treaty,1919

Continuation---- 1921 Washin …… 此处隐藏：5016字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……