Change of word's meaning

词义的转换

1. The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. 初雪飘临。多么美啊！它整日整夜那么静静地飘着， 初雪飘临。多么美啊！它整日整夜那么静静地飘着， 落在山岭上，落在草地上，落在世人的屋顶上， 落在山岭上，落在草地上，落在世人的屋顶上，落在 死者的坟墓上！在一片白茫茫之中， 死者的坟墓上！在一片白茫茫之中，只有河流在美丽 的画面上划出一道曲曲弯弯的黑线；还有那叶儿落净 的画面上划出一道曲曲弯弯的黑线； 的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻更显得枝丫交错， 的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻更显得枝丫交错， 姿态万千。 姿态万千。

词义的转换

2. The day is cold, and dark, and dreary; It rains, and the wind is never weary; The vine still clings to the moldering wall, But at every gust the dead leaves fall. 天冷、阴暗、沉闷； 天冷、阴暗、沉闷； 下着雨，风也刮个不停； 下着雨，风也刮个不停； 藤还攀附着颓垣残壁， 藤还攀附着颓垣残壁， 每来一阵狂风，枯叶附落纷纷。 每来一阵狂风，枯叶附落纷纷。

词义的转换

3. 跌倒的是一个女人，花白头发，衣服都很破烂。伊从马路上突 然向车前横截过来；车夫已经让开道，但伊的破棉背心没有上扣， 微风吹着，向外展开，所以终于兜着车把。幸而车夫早有点停步， 否则伊定要栽一个大斤斗，跌到头破血出了。 It was a grey-haired woman in ragged clothes. She had stepped out abruptly from the roadside in front of us, and although the rickshaw man had swerved, her tattered padded waistcoat, unbuttoned and billowing in the wind, had caught on the shaft. Luckily the rickshaw man had slowed down, otherwise she would certainly have had a bad fall and it might have been a serious accident.

词义的转换

Change of Word Meaning

词义的转换

1.National psychology and change of meaning1. to take French leave 2. Italian hand 3. Spanish athlete 4. Irish bull 5. Excuse my French

a.荒诞可笑的说法 荒诞可笑的说法 b.不辞而别 不辞而别 c.干预，狡诈 干预， 干预 d.胡说八道的人 胡说八道的人 e.别怪我骂人 别怪我骂人

词义的转换

可怜的荷兰人 1. get one’s Dutch up 2. go Dutch 3. talk Dutch 4. in Dutch 5 Dutch courage 6 Dutch uncle 7 Dutch widow 8 Dutch comfort 9 Dutch treat 10 I’m a Dutchman if….

a. AA制 制 b.发火 发火 c. 处于困境 d. 讲令人听不懂的话 e. 严厉的批评者 f. 酒后之勇 g. 各自付费的聚餐 h. 妓女 i. 我要是 就不是人 我要是…就不是人 j. 无济于事的安

慰

词义的转换

2. Gender differencechairman——chairperson draftsman ——draftsperson businessman——businessperson 1. poet 2. hero 3. student 4. novelist 5. doctor 6. president poetess heroine girl student lady novelist woman doctor female president

词义的转换

Degradation of Words (词的降格) 词的降格) 词的降格Housewife Girl Mistress nun hen bitch heifer pussy tomato

Prostitute

Dirty words

词义的转换

3. Euphemismto be no more to be deceased to be gone to pass away to breathe one’s last

Die

to join the silent majority to go the way of all flesh to be gathered to one’s fathers to go west to yield up the ghost to go hence

词义的转换

big with child expectant heavy laden

pregnant

in the family way in an interesting condition being with child expecting anticipating

词义的转换

Other types of euphemismCommit No Nuisance Sanitation engineer Landscape architecture Domestic engineer Forgotten man The disadvantaged group Culturally deprived environment Urban camping 不要随地大小便 收垃圾的工人 风景建筑师 佣人 失业的人 穷人 贫民区 流落街头的人

词义的转换

I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t poor, I was needy. Then they said it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy, that I was culturally deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, that I was underprivileged. Then they told me that underprivileged was overused, that I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime but I have a great vocabulary!

词义的转换

Lie: show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and : factual material Steal: need help in learning to respect the property rights of others Lazy: need ample supervision in order to work well

词义的转换

Word-Formation1. General Remarks 2. Prefixation (前缀法) 前缀法) 前缀法 3. Suffixation (后缀法) 后缀法) 后缀法 4. Conversion 5. Compounding

词义的转换

Affixes(词缀 Affixes are forms that are attached to 词缀): 词缀 words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them 曲折词缀) into two groups: inflectional (曲折词缀)and derivational (派生词缀)affixes. 派生词缀)

词义的转换

Inflectional affixes(曲折词缀 曲折词缀) 曲折词缀 Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats,

Derivational affixes(派生词缀 派生词缀) 派生词缀

Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixesPrefixes(前缀 Suffixes(后缀) 前缀) 后缀) 前缀 后缀

walked, walking, John’s book… For example:less—lessen : able—enable light—enlighten

词义的转换

PrefixationDefinition: : Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems(词干). Prefixes do not generally (词干) change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-chang

ing prefixes: natural-unnatural, likedislike, possible-impossible Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, dangerendanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege

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